{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,9]],"date-time":"2026-01-09T17:22:38Z","timestamp":1767979358917,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005908","name":"Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22014417"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22014417"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005908","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, forest management faces new challenges resulting from increasing temperatures and drought occurrences. For sustainable, site-specific management strategies, the availability of up to date soil information is crucial. Proximal soil sensing techniques are a promising approach for rapid and inexpensive collection of data, and could facilitate the provision of the necessary information. This study evaluates the potential of visual and near-infrared spectroscopy (vis-NIRS) for estimating soil parameters relevant for humus mapping in Saxon forests. Therefore, soil samples from the organic layer are included. So far there is little knowledge about the applicability of vis-NIRS in the humus layer of forests. We investigate the spectral behaviour of samples from organic (Oh) and mineral (0\u20135 cm, Ah) horizons, pointing out differences in the occurring absorption features. Further, we identify and assess the accuracy of selected soil properties based on vis-NIRS for forest sites, compare the outcome of different regression methods, investigate the implications for forest soils due to the presence and different composition of the humus layer and organic horizons and interpret the results regarding their usefulness for soil mapping and monitoring purposes. For this, we used retained humus soil samples of forests from Saxony. Regression models were built with Partial Least Squares Regression, Support Vector Machine and Cubist. Investigated properties were carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, C\/N ratio, pH value, cation exchange capacity (CEC) and base saturation (BS) due to their importance for assessing humus conditions in forests. In organic Oh horizons, prediction results for C and N content achieved R2 values between 0.44 and 0.58, with corresponding RPIQ ranging from 1.58 to 2.06 depending on the used algorithm. Estimations of C\/N ratio were more precise with R2 = 0.65 and RMSE = 2.16. Best results were reported for pH value, with R2 = 0.90 and RMSE = 0.20. Regarding BS, the best model accuracy was R2 = 0.71, with RMSE = 13.97. In mineral topsoil, C and N content models achieved higher values of R2 = 0.59 to 0.72, with RPIQ values between 2.22 and 2.54. However, prediction accuracy was lower for C\/N ratio (R2 = 0.50, RMSE = 3.52) and pH values (R2 = 0.62, RMSE = 0.29). Models for CEC achieved R2 = 0.65, with RPIQ = 2.81. In general, prediction precision varied dependent on the used algorithm, without showing clear tendencies. Classification into pH classes was exemplified since this offers a new perspective for humus mapping on forest soils. Balanced accuracy for the defined classes ranged from 0.50 to 0.87. We show that vis-NIR spectroscopy is suitable for assessing humus conditions in Saxon forests (Germany), in particular not only for mineral horizons but also for organic Oh horizons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"1368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Estimating Forest Soil Properties for Humus Assessment\u2014Is Vis-NIR the Way to Go?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6564-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Felix","family":"Thomas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Monitoring & Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Stra\u00dfe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Rainer","family":"Petzold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Enterprise Sachsenforst, Unit Site Survey, Soil Monitoring and Laboratory, Bonnewitzer Stra\u00dfe 34, 01796 Pirna, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6414-2145","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Solveig","family":"Landmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Monitoring & Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Stra\u00dfe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Mollenhauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Monitoring & Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Stra\u00dfe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Enterprise Sachsenforst, Unit Site Survey, Soil Monitoring and Laboratory, Bonnewitzer Stra\u00dfe 34, 01796 Pirna, Germany"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4700-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ulrike","family":"Werban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Monitoring & Exploration Technologies, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research\u2014UFZ, Permoser Stra\u00dfe 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.baae.2020.04.003","article-title":"A first assessment of the impact of the extreme 2018 summer drought on Central European forests","volume":"45","author":"Schuldt","year":"2020","journal-title":"Basic Appl. 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