{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T06:03:15Z","timestamp":1782626595969,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647129600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41974036"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41974036"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003819","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019CFA051"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019CFA051"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003819","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The characteristics and performance of satellite clocks are important to the positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) services of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) users. Although China\u2019s BeiDou-3 Navigation Satellite System (BDS-3) has been fully operational for more than one year, there is still a lack of comprehensive research on the onboard clocks of the entire BDS-3 constellation. In this study, the precise clock products of GeoForschungsZentrum (GFZ) from day-of-year (DOY) 1, 2021 to DOY 300, 2021 were used to analyze the characteristics and performance of BDS-3 onboard clocks from the following aspects: clock bias, frequency, drift rate, fitting residuals, periodicity, and frequency stability. Compared with BDS-2, the clock quality of BDS-3 satellites has been greatly improved, but there are still jumps in the clock offsets and frequency series of BDS-3 clocks. The drift rate of BDS-3 clocks varies within the range between \u22122\u00d710\u221218\u00a0and\u00a02\u00d710\u221218\u00a0s\/s2. The daily model fitting residuals of passive hydrogen masers (PHM) on BDS-3 medium Earth orbit (MEO), inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO), and geostationary (GEO) satellites are 0.15, 0.28, and 0.46 ns, respectively. The overlapping Allan deviation (OADEV) of BDS-3 MEO clocks is 4.0\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\u221214\u00a0s\/s at a time interval of 1000 s. The PHMs on BDS-3 MEO satellites exhibit fewer periodic signals than those of Rb clocks. In addition, the precise clock offsets of the BDS-3 PHMs carried on the MEO, IGSO, and GEO satellites show different periodicities, which are similar to those of the corresponding types of BDS-2 satellites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061389","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]],"date-time":"2022-03-13T21:44:17Z","timestamp":1647207857000},"page":"1389","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Analysis of BDS-3 Onboard Clocks Based on GFZ Precise Clock Products"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5760-5666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Geng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yifei","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GNSS Research Center, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Hessel Barth, A., and Wanninger, L. 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