{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T09:06:30Z","timestamp":1770541590220,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Naiang Wang","award":["41871021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41871021"]}]},{"name":"Naiang Wang","award":["41530745"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41530745"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cultural diffusion is one of the core issues among researchers in the field of cultural geography. This study aimed to examine the spatial diffusion patterns of the Qijia culture (QJC) to clarify the origin and formation process of Chinese field model-based cultural diffusion patterns (FM-CDP) and geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis methods. It used the point data of Qijia cultural sites without time information and combined them with the relevant records of Qijia cultural and historical documents, as well as archaeological excavation materials. Starting with the spatial location information of cultural distribution, it comprehensively analysed the cultural hearth, regions, diffusion patterns, and diffusion paths. The results indicated the following. (1) The QJC\u2019s heart is in the southeast of Gansu Province, where the Shizhaocun and Xishanping sites are distributed. (2) Five different levels of cultural regions were formed, which demonstrated different diffusion patterns at different regional scales. On a large regional scale, many cultural regions belong to relocation diffusion patterns. Meanwhile, at the small regional scale (in the Gansu\u2013Qinghai region), there are two patterns of diffusion: expansion diffusion and relocation diffusion; however, the expansion diffusion pattern is the main one. (3) Based on the relationship between the QJC, altitude, and the water system, the culture also has the characteristics of diffusion to low altitude areas and a pattern of diffusion along water systems. (4) There is a circular structure of the core, periphery, and fringe regions of the QJC. Finally, (5) the dry and cold climate around 4000a B.P., the cultural exchange between Europe and the Asian continent (the introduction of barley, wheat, livestock and sheep, and copper smelting technology), and the war in the late Neolithic period were important factors affecting the diffusion of the QJC.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061422","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:36:23Z","timestamp":1647401783000},"page":"1422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Field Model-Based Cultural Diffusion Patterns and GIS Spatial Analysis Study on the Spatial Diffusion Patterns of Qijia Culture in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Glacier and Desert Research, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naiang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Glacier and Desert Research, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuepeng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Department, School of Humanities and Communication, Changji University, Changji 831100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xueran","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Glacier and Desert Research, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Glacier and Desert Research, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Glacier and Desert Research, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yipeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Glacier and Desert Research, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Glacier and Desert Research, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, No. 222 South Tianshui Road, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"China\u2019s Hidden City Recent discoveries at an isolated northern settlement are challenging traditional narratives about the origins of Chinese civilization","volume":"72","author":"Urbanus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Archaeology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003598X00098112","article-title":"Recent archaeometry research on \u2018the origins of Chinese civilisation\u2019","volume":"83","author":"Jing","year":"2009","journal-title":"Antiquity"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1128","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.20623","article-title":"Tracing the genetic history of the Chinese people: Mitochondrial DNA analysis of a neolithic population from the Lajia Site","volume":"133","author":"Gao","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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