{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:56:56Z","timestamp":1760151416380,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]],"date-time":"2022-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KP-06-N34\/1 \/30-09-2020, and DN 14\/1 from 11.12.2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-N34\/1 \/30-09-2020, and DN 14\/1 from 11.12.2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper shows more evidence for the existing spatial\u2013temporal synchronization of the air surface temperature and pressure within the lower stratospheric ozone, which is unevenly distributed over the globe. The focus of this study is put on the region of formation and manifestation of El Ni\u00f1o Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Statistical analysis of data (covering the period 1900\u20132019) displays a well pronounced covariance of ozone at 70 hPa with (i) Nino3.4 index, (ii) air surface temperature, and (iii) sea level pressure, in each grid-point with spatial resolution of 5\u00b0 in latitude and longitude. The ozone impact could be found at different time scales\u2014from interannual (altering the ENSO phase transition) to interdecadal. Moreover, the centers of action of ozone on the sea level temperature and pressure are positioned at different places, depending on the temporal scale of variability\u2014from the tropical Central Pacific\u2014at interannual and interdecadal, to extratropics\u2014at subdecadal time scales. We show also that positive ozone anomalies at 70 hPa trigger a cooling of the sea surface, with a delay of 9 record\u2019s time intervals. The ozone depletion, on the other side, is followed by a sea level warming with a delay of 1\u20132 record\u2019s time intervals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061429","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T03:36:23Z","timestamp":1647401783000},"page":"1429","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["From Phase Transition to Interdecadal Changes of ENSO, Altered by the Lower Stratospheric Ozone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Natalya Andreeva","family":"Kilifarska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate, Atmosphere and Water Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66, Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"given":"Tsvetelina Plamenova","family":"Velichkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate, Atmosphere and Water Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66, Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1293-9440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ekaterina Anguelova","family":"Batchvarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Climate, Atmosphere and Water Research Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 66, Tsarigradsko Shosse Blvd, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1716","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1986)114<1716:COTROS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation","volume":"114","author":"Fu","year":"1986","journal-title":"Mon. 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