{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,10]],"date-time":"2026-06-10T14:51:53Z","timestamp":1781103113153,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174102, 42192535, 41931076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174102, 42192535, 41931076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016YFB0501405"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFB0501405"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory, the Basic Frontier Science Research Program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["ZDBS-LY-DQC028"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDBS-LY-DQC028"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A unified height datum is essential for global geographic information resource construction, ecological environment protection, and scientific research. The goal of this paper is to derive the geopotential value for the Chinese height datum (CNHD) in order to realize the height datum unification in China. The estimation of height datum geopotential value usually depends on high-precision global gravity field models (GFMs). The satellite gravity missions of the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) and Gravity field and steady-state Ocean Circulation Exploration (GOCE) provide high-accuracy, medium\u2013long-wavelength gravity field spectra, but satellite-only GFMs are limited to medium\u2013long wavelengths, which will involve omission errors. To compensate for the omission errors in satellite-only GFMs, a spectral expansion approach is used to obtain the refined gravity field models using the EGM2008 (Earth Gravitational Model 2008) and residual terrain model (RTM) technique. The refined GFMs are evaluated by using high-quality GNSS\/leveling data, the results show that the quasi-geoid accuracy of the refined DIR_R6_EGM2008_RTM model in China has optimal accuracy and, compared with the EGM2008 model and the DIR_R6 model, this refined model in China is improved by 9.6 cm and 21.8 cm, and the improvement ranges are 35.7% and 55.8%, respectively. Finally, the geopotential value of the Chinese height datum is estimated to be equal to 62,636,853.29 m2s\u22122 with respect to the global reference level defined by W0 = 62,636,853.4 m2s\u22122 by utilizing the refined DIR_R6_EGM2008_RTM model and 1908 high-quality GNSS\/leveling datapoints.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061437","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]],"date-time":"2022-03-16T22:15:04Z","timestamp":1647468904000},"page":"1437","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The Refined Gravity Field Models for Height System Unification in China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Panpan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1022-9151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhicai","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7860-888X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lifeng","family":"Bao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongshang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Geomatics Center of China, Beijing 100830, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/s12210-020-00948-0","article-title":"The worldwide physical height datum project","volume":"31","author":"Barzaghi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rend. 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