{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T22:34:35Z","timestamp":1765233275928,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Department of Energy and Environment","award":["DE-IA0000018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DE-IA0000018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Off-channel areas are one of the most impacted aquatic habitats by humans globally, as extensive agricultural and urban development has limited them to roughly 10% of historical extent. This is also true for California\u2019s Sacramento River Valley, where historically frequent widespread inundation has been reduced to a few off-channel water bodies along the mid-Sacramento River. This remaining shallow-water habitat provides crucial ecological benefits to multiple avian and fish species, but especially to floodplain-adapted species such as Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha). Characterizing spatiotemporal off-channel dynamics, including inundation extent and residence time, is fundamental to better understanding the intrinsic value of such habitats and their potential to support recovery actions. Remote sensing techniques have been increasingly used to map surface water at regional and local scales, with improved resolutions. As such, this study maps off-channel inundation areas and describes their temporal dynamics by analyzing pixel-based time- series of multiple water indices, modified Normalized Difference Water Index (mNDWI) and the Automated Water Extraction Index (AWEI), generated from LandSat-8 and Sentinel-2 data between 2013\u20132021. Quantified off-channel area was similar with each water index and method used, but improved performance was associated with Sentinel-2 products and AWEI index to identify wetted areas under lower mainstem discharges. Results indicate an uneven distribution of off-channel habitat in the study area, with limited inundated areas in upstream reaches (&lt;16% of total off-channel area for greater flows). In addition, much less habitat exists for flows under 400 m3\/s, an important migration cue for endangered winter-run Chinook salmon, limiting juvenile access to areas with enhanced rearing conditions. Off-channel habitat residence times averaged between 7 and 16 days, primarily defined by the rate of receding flows, with rapid flow recession providing marginal off-channel habitat. This study shows reasonable performance of moderate resolution LandSat-8 and Sentinel-2 remote sensing imagery to characterize shallow-water inundated habitat in higher-order rivers, and as a method to inform restoration and native fish recovery efforts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"1443","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Quantification of Off-Channel Inundated Habitat for Pacific Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) along the Sacramento River, California, Using Remote Sensing Imagery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1541-0382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco J.","family":"Bellido-Leiva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8593, USA"},{"name":"Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8593, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1566-0613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert A.","family":"Lusardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8593, USA"},{"name":"Department of Wildlife, Fish, and Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8593, USA"}]},{"given":"Jay R.","family":"Lund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8593, USA"},{"name":"Center for Watershed Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8593, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1002\/0470868333.ch7","article-title":"Geomorphic classification of rivers and streams","volume":"7","author":"Kondolf","year":"2003","journal-title":"Tools Fluv. Geomorphol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lewin, J., Brewer, P.A., and Wohl, E. (2018). Fluvial Geomorphology. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-409548-9.11108-X"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"110","article-title":"The flood pulse concept in river-floodplain systems","volume":"1061","author":"Junk","year":"1989","journal-title":"Can. Spec. Publ. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1139\/f00-245","article-title":"Floodplain rearing of juvenile Chinook salmon: Evidence of enhanced growth and survival","volume":"58","author":"Sommer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1017\/S037689290200022X","article-title":"Riverine flood plains: Present state and future trends","volume":"29","author":"Tockner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2010.00426.x","article-title":"Ecologically Functional Floodplains: Connectivity, Flow Regime, and Scale1","volume":"46","author":"Opperman","year":"2010","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-006-0029-z","article-title":"The influence of flood cycle and fish predation on invertebrate production on a restored California floodplain","volume":"568","author":"Grosholz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2427.2006.01580.x","article-title":"Priming the productivity pump: Flood pulse driven trends in suspended algal biomass distribution across a restored floodplain","volume":"51","author":"Ahearn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s11273-017-9534-2","article-title":"Zooplankton ecology and trophic resources for rearing native fish on an agricultural floodplain in the Yolo Bypass California, USA","volume":"25","author":"Corline","year":"2017","journal-title":"Wetl. Ecol. Manag."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"129","article-title":"Fish, Flows and Flood Plains: Links between Freshwater Fishes and their Environment in the Murray-Darling River System, Australia","volume":"56","author":"Humphries","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2003.10.002","article-title":"Adaptation to natural flow regimes","volume":"19","author":"Lytle","year":"2004","journal-title":"Trends Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1080\/03632415.2012.696009","article-title":"A Riverscape Analysis Tool Developed to Assist Wild Salmon Conservation Across the North Pacific Rim","volume":"37","author":"Whited","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fisheries"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.05.116","article-title":"Validating alternative methodologies to estimate the regime of temporary rivers when flow data are unavailable","volume":"565","author":"Gallart","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1002\/wat2.1355","article-title":"Monitoring the effectiveness of floodplain habitat restoration: A review of methods and recommendations for future monitoring","volume":"6","author":"Roni","year":"2019","journal-title":"WIREs Water"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.620","article-title":"Effects of flow variation on channel and floodplain biota and habitats of the Sacramento River, California, USA","volume":"14","author":"Sommer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"Kelley, R. (1989). Battling the Inland Sea: Floods, Public Policy, and the Sacramento Valley, University of California Press."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"Hanak, E., Lund, J.R., Dinar, A., Gray, B., Howitt, R., Mount, J., Moyle, P., and Thompson, B. (2011). Managing California\u2019s Water: From Conflict to Reconciliation, Public Policy Institute of California."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"Kondolf, G.M. (2007). Sacramento River Ecological Flows Study: Off-Channel Habitat Study Results, Stillwater Sciences. Technical Report prepared for The Nature Conservancy."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moyle, P.B. (2002). Inland Fishes of California: Revised and Expanded, University of California Press.","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520926516"},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) (2019). Reinitiation of Consultation on the Coordinated Long-Term Operation of the Central Vallley Project and State Water Project. Final Biological Assessment."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Maslin, P.E., McKinney, W.R., and Moore, T.L. (1996). Intermittent streams as rearing habitat for Sacramento River Chinook salmon, Anadromous Fish Restoration Program."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"141","article-title":"Juvenile Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) growth in off-channel and main-channel habitats on the Sacramento River, CA using otolith increment widths","volume":"85","author":"Limm","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109511","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2021.109511","article-title":"Modeling the effect of habitat availability and quality on endangered winter-run Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawystscha) production in the Sacramento Valley","volume":"447","author":"Lusardi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.3354\/meps10353","article-title":"Size, growth, and origin-dependent mortality of juvenile Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha during early ocean residence","volume":"487","author":"Woodson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1577\/1548-8675(1998)018<0487:HAADOC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Historical Abundance and Decline of Chinook Salmon in the Central Valley Region of California","volume":"18","author":"Yoshiyama","year":"1998","journal-title":"N. Am. J. Fish. Manag."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (2014). Recovery Plan for the Evolutionarily Significant Units of Sacramento River Winter-Run Chinook Salmon and Central Valley Spring-Run Chinook Salmon and the Distinct Population Segment of California Central Valley Steelhead."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1596","DOI":"10.1111\/rec.13244","article-title":"Decision analysis for greater insights into the development and evaluation of Chinook salmon restoration strategies in California\u2019s Central Valley","volume":"28","author":"Peterson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Restor. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.1585","article-title":"Estimation of juvenile salmon habitat in Pacific Rim rivers using multiscalar remote sensing and geospatial analysis","volume":"29","author":"Whited","year":"2013","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Chan, F., Marinova, D., and Anderssen, R.S. (2011, January 12\u201315). Linking inundation timing and extent to ecological response models using the Murray-Darling Basin Floodplain Inundation Model (MDB-FIM). Proceedings of the MODSIM2011, 19th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, Perth, Australia."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Chen, Y., Wu, J., and Yu, J. (2012, January 2\u20134). Detecting floodplain inundation frequency using MODIS time-series imagery. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Agro-Geoinformatics (Agro-Geoinformatics2012), Shanghai, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/Agro-Geoinformatics.2012.6311668"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, C., Chen, Y., and Wu, J. (2013, January 21\u201326). A DEM-based modified pixel swapping algorithm for floodplain inundation mapping at subpixel scale. Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGASS), Melbourne, Australia.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2013.6723708"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"350","article-title":"Mapping spatio-temporal flood inundation dynamics at large river basin scale using time-series flow data and MODIS imagery","volume":"26","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1029\/2018RG000598","article-title":"Detecting, Extracting, and Monitoring Surface Water From Space Using Optical Sensors: A Review","volume":"56","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1002\/eco.1467","article-title":"Estimate of flood inundation and retention on wetlands using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ecohydrology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160110114484","article-title":"An efficient method for mapping flood extent in a coastal flood plain using Landsat TM and DEM data","volume":"23","author":"Wang","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3755","DOI":"10.1080\/0143116021000023916","article-title":"Relating wetland inundation to river flow using Landsat TM data","volume":"24","author":"Frazier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2004.11.024","article-title":"Regional scale flood modelling using NEXRAD, rainfall, GIS and HEC-HMS\\RAS: A case study for the San Antonio River basin summer 2002 storm event","volume":"75","author":"Knebl","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2006.03.036","article-title":"The Mekong from satellite imagery: A quick look at a large river","volume":"85","author":"Gupta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1003","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-11-1003-2019","article-title":"Hydromorphological attributes for all Australian river reaches derived from Landsat dynamic inundation remote sensing","volume":"11","author":"Hou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aav4313","article-title":"Shifting habitat mosaics and fish production across river basins","volume":"364","author":"Brennan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.695","article-title":"Application of airborne multispectral digital imagery to characterize riverine habitats at different base flows","volume":"18","author":"Whited","year":"2002","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.792","article-title":"The use of remotely sensed data to detect channel hydromorphology; River Tummel, Scotland","volume":"20","author":"Gilvear","year":"2004","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1002\/aqc.876","article-title":"An assessment of the use of remote sensing to map habitat features important to sustaining lamprey populations","volume":"18","author":"Gilvear","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aquat. Conserv. Mar. Freshw. Ecosyst."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.07.019","article-title":"Passive optical remote sensing of river channel morphology and in-stream habitat: Physical basis and feasibility","volume":"93","author":"Legleiter","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.2044","article-title":"Remote sensing analysis of physical complexity of North Pacific Rim rivers to assist wild salmon conservation","volume":"35","author":"Luck","year":"2010","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Processes Landf."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1349","DOI":"10.1080\/00028487.2012.692348","article-title":"A Remote-Sensing, GIS-Based Approach to Identify, Characterize, and Model Spawning Habitat for Fall-Run Chum Salmon in a Sub-Arctic, Glacially Fed River","volume":"141","author":"Wirth","year":"2012","journal-title":"Trans. Am. Fish. Soc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.06.031","article-title":"Google Earth Engine: Planetary-scale geospatial analysis for everyone","volume":"202","author":"Gorelick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2427.2002.00893.x","article-title":"Riverine landscape diversity","volume":"47","author":"Ward","year":"2002","journal-title":"Freshw. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"940","DOI":"10.1890\/05-1149","article-title":"Climate, Hydrologic Disturbance, and Succession: Drivers of Floodplain Pattern","volume":"88","author":"Whited","year":"2007","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"123","article-title":"The shifting habitat mosaic of river ecosystems","volume":"29","author":"Stanford","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"134","article-title":"Unimpaired and Regulated Discharge in the Sacramento River Basin, California","volume":"57","author":"Shelton","year":"1995","journal-title":"Yearb. Assoc. Pac. Coast Geogr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-15-0167.1","article-title":"Landfalling Atmospheric Rivers, the Sierra Barrier Jet, and Extreme Daily Precipitation in Northern California\u2019s Upper Sacramento River Watershed","volume":"17","author":"Ralph","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-012-1322-3","article-title":"Effects of atmospheric river landfalls on the cold season precipitation in California","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00277.1","article-title":"Kinematic and Thermodynamic Structures of Sierra Barrier Jets and Overrunning Atmospheric Rivers during a Landfalling Winter Storm in Northern California","volume":"141","author":"Kingsmill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5974","DOI":"10.1002\/2014WR016874","article-title":"The science and practice of river restoration","volume":"51","author":"Wohl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"38","article-title":"Splittail Delisting: A Review of Recent Population Trends and Restoration Activities","volume":"53","author":"Sommer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. Fish. Soc. Symp."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of normalised difference water index (NDWI) to enhance open water features in remotely sensed imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.08.029","article-title":"Automated Water Extraction Index: A new technique for surface water mapping using Landsat imagery","volume":"140","author":"Feyisa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2008.02.009","article-title":"Assessment of surface and sub-surface waterlogged areas in irrigation command areas of Bihar state using remote sensing and GIS","volume":"95","author":"Chowdary","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5767","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160802060912","article-title":"Modelling spatial-temporal change of Poyang Lake using multitemporal Landsat imagery","volume":"29","author":"Hui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.75.11.1307","article-title":"Analysis of dynamic thresholds for the normalized difference water index","volume":"75","author":"Ji","year":"2009","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.003","article-title":"Application of time series of remotely sensed normalized difference water, vegetation and moisture indices in characterizing flood dynamics of large-scale arid zone floodplains","volume":"190","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2020.1804085","article-title":"Open surface water index: A novel approach for surface water mapping and extraction using multispectral and multisensory data","volume":"11","author":"Mishra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Y., Dong, J., Xiao, X., Xiao, T., Yang, Z., Zhao, G., Zhenhua, Z., and Qin, Y. (2017). Open surface water mapping algorithms: A comparison of water-related spectral indices and sensors. Water, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/w9040256"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2014.960606","article-title":"Analysis of Landsat-8 OLI imagery for land surface water mapping","volume":"5","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1826","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2016.1168948","article-title":"Evaluation of Landsat 8 OLI imagery for unsupervised inland water extraction","volume":"37","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Peng, B., Wei, Y., and Ye, H. (2021). Accurate extraction of surface water in complex environment based on Google Earth Engine and Sentinel-2. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253209"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1139\/cjfas-2018-0484","article-title":"Oversummer growth and survival of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) across a natural gradient of stream water temperature and prey availability: An in situ enclosure experiment","volume":"77","author":"Lusardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeffres, C.A., Holmes, E.J., Sommer, T.R., and Katz, J.V. (2020). Detrital food web contributes to aquatic ecosystem productivity and rapid salmon growth in a managed floodplain. PLoS ONE, 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0216019"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s11160-020-09632-w","article-title":"One size does not fit all: Variation in thermal eco-physiology among Pacific salmonids","volume":"31","author":"Zillig","year":"2021","journal-title":"Rev. Fish Biol. Fish."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1071\/MF08246","article-title":"The effect of water level on lateral movements of fish between river and off-channel habitats and implications for management","volume":"61","author":"Lyon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mar. Freshw. Res."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-1688.2004.tb01611.x","article-title":"Reach scale hydraulic assessment of instream salmonid habitat restoration","volume":"40","author":"Lacey","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAWRA J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mason, J.C., and Handscomb, D.C. (2002). Chebyshev Polynomials, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420036114"},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"1","article-title":"Migration Patterns of Juvenile Winter-run-sized Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) through the Sacramento\u2013San Joaquin Delta","volume":"11","author":"Redler","year":"2013","journal-title":"San Fr. Estuary Watershed Sci."},{"key":"ref_75","unstructured":"Moyle, P.B., Lusardi, R.A., Samuel, P.J., and Katz, J.V. (2017). State of the Salmonids: Status of California\u2019s Emblematic Fishes, 2017, University of California. Technical Report prepared for California Trout."},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) (2021). Species in the Spotlight: Sacramento River Winter-run Chinook Salmon. Priority Actions 2021\u20132025."},{"key":"ref_77","first-page":"1269","article-title":"Detection of Shallow Water area with Machine Learning Algorithms","volume":"XLII-2\/W13","author":"Yagmur","year":"2019","journal-title":"ISPRS Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.51.3.365","article-title":"Modelling stage\u2014discharge relationships affected by hysteresis using the Jones formula and nonlinear regression","volume":"51","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hydrol. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Chow, V.T. (1959). Open-Channel Hydraulics, McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"ref_80","unstructured":"Fenton, J.D., and Keller, R.J. (2001). The Calculation of Streamflow from Measurements of Stage, CRC for Catchment Hydrology. Report 01\/6."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1029\/2018WR023527","article-title":"Dynamics of surface-water connectivity in a low-gradient meandering river floodplain","volume":"55","author":"Czuba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv102","article-title":"Functional Flows in Modified Riverscapes: Hydrographs, Habitats and Opportunities","volume":"65","author":"Yarnell","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioscience"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.06.028","article-title":"Optimization tools for environmental water decisions: A review of strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities to improve adoption","volume":"84","author":"Horne","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Modell. Softw."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2016.11.020","article-title":"Using optimization to develop a \u201cdesigner\u201d environmental flow regime","volume":"88","author":"Horne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2158","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02226-4","article-title":"Designing flows to resolve human and environmental water needs in a dam-regulated river","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106336","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.106336","article-title":"Extending water resources performance metrics to river ecosystems","volume":"114","author":"Lane","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.769943","article-title":"The California Environmental Flows Framework: Meeting the Challenges of Developing a Large-Scale Environmental Flows Program","volume":"9","author":"Stein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1002\/rra.3575","article-title":"A functional flows approach to selecting ecologically relevant flow metrics for environmental flow applications","volume":"36","author":"Yarnell","year":"2020","journal-title":"River Res. Appl."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaaw2087","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaw2087","article-title":"Linkages between flow regime, biota, and ecosystem processes: Implications for river restoration","volume":"365","author":"Palmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3207(97)00083-9","article-title":"Riverine landscapes: Biodiversity patterns, disturbance regimes, and aquatic conservation","volume":"83","author":"Ward","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_91","first-page":"449","article-title":"Ephemeral floodplain habitats provide best growth conditions for juvenile Chinook salmon in a California river","volume":"83","author":"Jeffres","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1002\/rrr.3450110109","article-title":"Ecological connectivity in alluvial river ecosystems and its disruption by flow regulation","volume":"11","author":"Ward","year":"1995","journal-title":"Regul. Rivers Res. Manag."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1443\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:37:57Z","timestamp":1760135877000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14061443"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14061443","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]}}}