{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T06:34:27Z","timestamp":1768631667412,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42005071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41630426"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41630426"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>As a land\u2013atmosphere coupling \u201chot spot\u201d, the northern China climate transition zone has a sharp spatial gradient of hydrothermal conditions, which plays an essential role in shaping the spatial and temporal pattern of evapotranspiration-precipitation coupling, but whose mechanisms still remain unclear. This study analyzes the spatial and temporal variation in land\u2013atmosphere coupling strength (CS) in the climate transitional zone of northern China and its relationship with soil moisture and air temperature. Results show that CS gradually transitions from strong positive in the northwest to negative in the southeast and northeast corners. The spatial distribution of CS is closely related to climatic hydrothermal conditions, where soil moisture plays a more dominant role: CS increases first, and then decreases with increasing soil moisture, with the threshold of soil moisture at 0.2; CS gradually transitions from positive to negative at soil moisture between 0.25 and 0.35; CS shows an exponential decreasing trend with increasing temperature. In terms of temporal variation, CS is strongest in spring and weakens sequentially in summer, autumn, and winter, and has significant interdecadal fluctuations. The trend in CS shifts gradually from significantly negative in the west to a non-significant positive in the east. Soil moisture variability dominates the intra-annual variability of CS in the study regions, and determines the interannual variation of CS in arid and semi-arid areas. Moreover, the main reason for the positive and negative spatial differences in CS in the study area is the different driving regime of evapotranspiration (ET). ET is energy-limited in the southern part of the study area, leading to a positive correlation between ET and lifting condensation level (LCL), while in most of the northern part, ET is water-limited and is negatively correlated with LCL; LCL has a negative correlation with P across the study area, thus leading to a negative ET-P coupling in the south and a positive coupling in the north.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061448","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"1448","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Hydrothermal Factors Influence on Spatial-Temporal Variation of Evapotranspiration-Precipitation Coupling over Climate Transition Zone of North China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8447-8279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zesu","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmospheric and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmospheric and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, CMA, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Open Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Lanzhou 730020, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmospheric and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]},{"given":"Yulei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plateau Atmospheric and Environment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Chengdu University of Information Technology, Chengdu 610225, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"564","article-title":"Progresses in Research on the Formation Mechanism and Prediction Theory of Severe Climatic Disasters in China","volume":"21","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. 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