{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,5]],"date-time":"2026-06-05T02:16:14Z","timestamp":1780625774984,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple landslide events are common around the globe. They can cause severe damage to both human lives and infrastructures. Although a huge quantity of research has been shaped to address rapid mapping of landslides by optical Earth Observation (EO) data, various gaps and uncertainties are still present when dealing with cloud obscuration and 24\/7 operativity. To address the issue, we explore the usage of SAR data over the eastern Iburi sub-prefecture of Hokkaido, Japan. In the area, about 8000 co-seismic landslides were triggered by an Mw 6.6 earthquake on 6 September 2018, at 03.08 local time (JST). In the following study, we modify a Deep Learning (DL) convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture suited for pixel-based classification purposes, the so-called Attention U-Net (Attn-U-Net) and we employ it to evaluate the potential of bi- and tri-temporal SAR amplitude data from the Sentinel-1 satellite and slope angle to map landslides even under thick cloud cover. Four different datasets, composed of two different band combinations per two satellite orbits (ascending and descending) are analyzed. Moreover, the impact of augmentations is evaluated independently for each dataset. The models\u2019 predictions are compared against an accurate landslide inventory obtained by manual mapping on pre-and post-event PlanetScope imagery through F1-score and other common metrics. The best result was yielded by the augmented ascending tri-temporal SAR composite image (61% F1-score). Augmentations have a positive impact on the ascending Sentinel-1 orbit, while metrics decrease when augmentations are applied on descending path. Our findings demonstrate that combining SAR data with other data sources may help to map landslides quickly, even during storms and under deep cloud cover. However, further investigations and improvements are still needed, this being one of the first attempts in which the combination of SAR data and DL algorithms are employed for landslide mapping purposes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"1449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":83,"title":["Rapid Mapping of Landslides on SAR Data by Attention U-Net"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2327-8721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Nava","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Intelligence and Slope Stability Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, 35129 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kushanav","family":"Bhuyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Intelligence and Slope Stability Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, 35129 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6175-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sansar Raj","family":"Meena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Intelligence and Slope Stability Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, 35129 Padua, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Applied Earth Sciences, Faculty of Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, 7514 AE Enschede, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2505-6855","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oriol","family":"Monserrat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre Tecnol\u00f2gic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya (CTTC), Geomatics Research Unit, Department of Remote Sensing, 08860 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5185-4725","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Catani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Machine Intelligence and Slope Stability Laboratory, Department of Geosciences, University of Padova, 35129 Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"Rainfall-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Assessment at the Chongren Area (China) Using Frequency Ratio, Certainty Factor, and Index of Entropy","volume":"32","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geocarto Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01150-6","article-title":"Landslides Induced by the 2010 Chile Megathrust Earthquake: A Comprehensive Inventory and Correlations with Geological and Seismic Factors","volume":"16","author":"Serey","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10064-017-1097-1","article-title":"Geological Characteristics of Landslides Triggered by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquake in Mt. 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