{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:56:05Z","timestamp":1760151365922,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Spring phenology is the most sensitive indicator of climate change and exploring its response to climate change has important implications for ecosystem processes in the study area. The temperature changes before and after the global warming hiatus may affect the spatiotemporal pattern of land surface phenology. In this paper, taking the China\u2013DPRK (Democratic People\u2019s Republic of Korea)\u2013Russia cross-border region as an example, based on GIMMS NDVI data, the Polyfit-Maximum method was used to extract the start date of the vegetation growing season (SOS). The variation trend of SOS and its response to climate change were analyzed in the early (1982\u20131998) and late (1998\u20132015) periods of the warming hiatus. At the regional scale, the spatial distribution of the SOS in the China\u2013DPRK\u2013Russia (CDR) cross-border area presents an elevation gradient, which is earlier in high-elevation areas and later in low-elevation areas. The temporal and spatial trend of SOS is mainly correlated by daytime maximum temperature (Tmax). The significant increase in Tmax in the early period promoted the advance of SOS (0.47 days\/year), and the decrease in Tmax in the later period caused the delay of SOS (0.51 days\/year). While the main influencing factor of the SOS changes in the region in the early and late periods was Tmax, the response of the SOS changes in China, DPRK and Russia to climate change also changed with the dramatic temperature changes during the warming hiatus. The Chinese side is increasingly responding to Tmax, while the North Korean side is becoming less responsive to climatic factors, and precipitation and radiation on the Russian side are driving the advance of the SOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061462","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"1462","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Decrease in the Daily Maximum Temperature during Global Warming Hiatus Causes a Delay in Spring Phenology in the China\u2013DPRK\u2013Russia Cross-Border Area"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Minshu","family":"Su","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Intergration Science, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1864-3835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhen","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}]},{"given":"Weihong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}]},{"given":"Zhehao","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geography and Ocean Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Henebry, G.M., and Beurs, K.M.D. (2013). Remote Sensing of Land Surface Phenology: A Prospectus, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-6925-0_21"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9390","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70709390","article-title":"Characterising the Land Surface Phenology of Europe Using Decadal MERIS Data","volume":"7","author":"Dash","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.14619","article-title":"Plant phenology and global climate change: Current progresses and challenges","volume":"25","author":"Piao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/386698a0","article-title":"Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991","volume":"386","author":"Myneni","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2284","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1503","article-title":"Does flower phenology mirror the slowdown of global warming?","volume":"5","author":"Jochner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1858","article-title":"Shifts in Arctic vegetation and associated feedbacks under climate change","volume":"3","author":"Pearson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1038\/nature18608","article-title":"Phenological sensitivity to climate across taxa and trophic levels","volume":"535","author":"Thackeray","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate3299","article-title":"Climate mitigation from vegetation biophysical feedbacks during the past three decades","volume":"7","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.01.006","article-title":"A new process-based model for predicting autumn phenology: How is leaf senescence controlled by photoperiod and temperature coupling?","volume":"268","author":"Lang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1038\/29670","article-title":"Green-wave phenology","volume":"394","author":"Schwartz","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000069","article-title":"The phenological calendar of Estonia and its correlation with mean air temperature","volume":"44","author":"Ahas","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/17709","article-title":"Growing season extended in Europe","volume":"397","author":"Menzel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1066860","article-title":"Responses to a Warming World","volume":"294","author":"Filella","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-001-0109-8","article-title":"Higher northern latitude normalized difference vegetation index and growing season trends from 1982 to 1999","volume":"45","author":"Tucker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20069","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000115","article-title":"Variations in northern vegetation activity inferred from satellite data of vegetation index during 1981 to 1999","volume":"106","author":"Zhou","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071828","article-title":"Climatic Control of the High-Latitude Vegetation Greening Trend and Pinatubo Effect","volume":"296","author":"Lucht","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2004.01.002","article-title":"Satellite radar remote sensing of seasonal growing seasons for boreal and subalpine evergreen forests","volume":"90","author":"Kimball","year":"2004","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1038\/382146a0","article-title":"Increased activity of northern vegetation inferred from atmospheric CO2 measurements","volume":"382","author":"Keeling","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1689","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1071617","article-title":"Rapid Changes in Flowering Time in British Plants","volume":"296","author":"Fitter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1007\/s004840000062","article-title":"Phenology in central Europe-differences and trends of spring phenophases in urban and rural areas","volume":"44","author":"Roetzer","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2001.00430.x","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of the phenological seasons in Germany from 1951 to 1996","volume":"7","author":"Menzel","year":"2001","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.00910.x","article-title":"The influence of temperature on migration of Lepidoptera into Britain","volume":"11","author":"Sparks","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(03)00161-8","article-title":"Climate changes and trends in phenology of fruit trees and field crops in Germany, 1961\u20132000","volume":"121","author":"Chmielewski","year":"2004","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01164.x","article-title":"Phenology of a northern hardwood forest canopy","volume":"12","author":"Richardson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02856707","article-title":"Phenological observations onLarix principis-rupprechtii Mayr. in primary seed orchard","volume":"12","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. For. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6911","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7911","article-title":"Leaf onset in the northern hemisphere triggered by daytime temperature","volume":"6","author":"Piao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13301","article-title":"Strong impacts of daily minimum temperature on the green-up date and summer greenness of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"22","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20985","DOI":"10.1038\/srep20985","article-title":"Leaf unfolding of Tibetan alpine meadows captures the arrival of monsoon rainfall","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.01.003","article-title":"Increasing altitudinal gradient of spring vegetation phenology during the last decade on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"189","author":"Shen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1002\/2016EF000417","article-title":"The global warming hiatus: Slowdown or redistribution?","volume":"4","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Future"},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"IPCC (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge Univ. Press."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2385","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2011.02397.x","article-title":"Phenology shifts at start vs. end of growing season in temperate vegetation over the northern hemisphere for the period 1982\u20132008","volume":"17","author":"Jeong","year":"2011","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2018.08.012","article-title":"Slowdown of spring green-up advancements in boreal forests","volume":"217","author":"Park","year":"2018","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"No trends in spring and autumn phenology during the global warming hiatus","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2006.01123.x","article-title":"Variations in satellite-derived phenology in China\u2019s temperate vegetation","volume":"12","author":"Piao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Change Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JG006154","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JG006154","article-title":"Spatiotemporal Change of Marsh Vegetation and Its Response to Climate Change in China From 2000 to 2019","volume":"126","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.02.265","article-title":"Spatiotemporal variation in vegetation spring phenology and its response to climate change in freshwater marshes of Northeast China","volume":"666","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.05.006","article-title":"Asymmetric effects of daytime and nighttime warming on spring phenology in the temperate grasslands of China","volume":"259","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ACL-3","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002510","article-title":"Relation between interannual variations in satellite measures of northern forest greenness and climate between 1982 and 1999","volume":"108","author":"Zhou","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14784","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.261555198","article-title":"A large carbon sink in the woody biomass of Northern forests","volume":"98","author":"Myneni","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2486.2003.00507.x","article-title":"Northern hemisphere photosynthetic trends 1982\u201399","volume":"9","author":"Slayback","year":"2003","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.07.003","article-title":"Influences of temperature and precipitation before the growing season on spring phenology in grasslands of the central and eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau","volume":"151","author":"Shen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2011.06.016","article-title":"elevation and temperature dependence of change in the spring vegetation green-up date from 1982 to 2006 in the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau","volume":"151","author":"Piao","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"13","article-title":"Vegetationphenology dynamics and its response to climate changeon the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"25","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Prataculturae Sin."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"26","article-title":"Elevation-dependent alpine grassland phenology on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"36","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geogr. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"961","DOI":"10.1007\/s00484-014-0909-2","article-title":"Geographical pattern in first bloom variability and its relation to temperature sensitivity in the USA and China","volume":"59","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biometeorol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(2001)082<0399:CITOOS>2.3.CO;2","article-title":"Changes in the Onset of Spring in the Western United States","volume":"82","author":"Cayan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"788","article-title":"Spatiotemporal change in leaf-out phenology of typicalEuropean tree species and its response to climate change","volume":"32","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. J. Appl. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2486.2005.01055.x","article-title":"Bud-burst modelling in Siberia and its impact on quantifying the carbon budget","volume":"11","author":"Picard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Glob. Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007963324520","article-title":"Rates and patterns of landscape change between 1972 and 1988 in the Changbai Mountain area of China and North Korea","volume":"12","author":"Zheng","year":"1997","journal-title":"Landsc. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.01.024","article-title":"Forest degradation deepens around and within protected areas in East Asia","volume":"143","author":"Tang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Conserv."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"923","article-title":"Plant Phenology Response to Climate Change","volume":"26","author":"Lu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Ecol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15481603.2016.1276255","article-title":"Crop classification and acreage estimation in North Korea using phenology features","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"GIScience Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, G., Zhang, H., Guo, X., Shan, Y., Ying, H., Rihan, W., Li, H., and Han, Y. (2019). Asymmetric Effects of Daytime and Nighttime Warming on Boreal Forest Spring Phenology. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11141651"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107832","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2019.107832","article-title":"Divergent responses of spring phenology to daytime and nighttime warming","volume":"281","author":"Meng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.14073","article-title":"Three times greater weight of daytime than of night-time temperature on leaf unfolding phenology in temperate trees","volume":"212","author":"Fu","year":"2016","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"272","article-title":"Rising Air Temperature and Its Asymmetry under Different Vegetation Regions in China","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Geogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1126\/science.288.5474.2135","article-title":"China\u2019s forest policy for the 21st century","volume":"288","author":"Zhang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/geb.12289","article-title":"Has the advancing onset of spring vegetation green-up slowed down or changed abruptly over the last three decades?","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Glob. Ecol. Biogeogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1462\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:39:29Z","timestamp":1760135969000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/6\/1462"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14061462"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14061462","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]}}}