{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,11]],"date-time":"2026-02-11T18:10:05Z","timestamp":1770833405816,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":108,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bangabandhu Science and Technology Fellowship Trust, Ministry of Science and Technology, The Government People's Republic of Bangladesh","award":["N\/A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["N\/A"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Geomorphic classification of large rivers identifies morphological patterns, as a foundation for estimating biogeochemical and ecological processes. In order to support the modelling of in-channel nutrient retention or export, the classification of geomorphic units (GUs) was done in the Padma River, Bangladesh, a large and geomorphically-complex lowland river. GUs were classified using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) four times over a year, so as to cover the seasonal variation of water flows. GUs were categorized as primary and secondary channels (C &amp; S); longitudinal bar (L); transverse bar (T); side bar (SB); unvegetated bank (EK); dry channel (ED); island (VI); and water depression (WD). All types of GUs were observed over the four distinct annual seasons, except ED, which was absent during the high flow, monsoon season. Seasonal variation of the surface area of GUs and discharge showed an inverse relation between discharge and exposed surface areas of VI, L, T, and SB. Nutrients mainly enter the river system through water and sediments, and during monsoon, the maximum portion of emergent GUs were submerged. Based on the assumption that nutrient retention is enhanced in the seasonally inundated portions of GUs, nutrient retention-\/export-relevant geomorphic units (NREGUs) were identified. Seasonal variation in the area of NREGUs was similar to that of GUs. The mean NDVI values of the main identified NREGUs were different. The variation of NDVI values among seasons in these NREGUs resulted from changes of vegetation cover and type. The variation also occurred due to alteration of the surface area of GUs in different seasons. The changes of vegetation cover indicated by NDVI values across seasons are likely important drivers for biogeochemical and ecological processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"1481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Classification of Geomorphic Units and Their Relevance for Nutrient Retention or Export of a Large Lowland Padma River, Bangladesh: A NDVI Based Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1409-4955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md Ataul","family":"Gani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Botany, Jagannath University, Dhaka 1100, Bangladesh"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5352-7541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes van der","family":"Kwast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Land and Water Management, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2956-9818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael E.","family":"McClain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Gretchen","family":"Gettel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Kenneth","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Water Resources and Ecosystems, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, P.O. Box 3015, 2601 DA Delft, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Department of Environmental Sciences, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fryirs, K.A., and Brierley, G.J. (2013). 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