{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T18:24:15Z","timestamp":1772735055091,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Institute for Systems Engineering and Computers","award":["UI0308-D.Remota1\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UI0308-D.Remota1\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PTDC\/EAM-REM\/30324\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PTDC\/EAM-REM\/30324\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/00308\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A wide variety of hard structures protect coastal activities and communities from the action of tides and waves worldwide. It is fundamental to monitor the integrity of coastal structures, as interventions and repairs may be needed in case of damages. This work compares the effectiveness of an Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) and a Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) to reproduce the 3D geometry of a rocky groin. The Structure-from-Motion (SfM) photogrammetry technique applied on drone images generated a 3D point cloud and a Digital Surface Model (DSM) without data gaps. Even though the TLS returned a 3D point cloud four times denser than the drone one, the TLS returned a DSM which was not representing about 16% of the groin (data gaps). This was due to the occlusions encountered by the low-lying scans determined by the displaced rocks composing the groin. Given also that the survey by UAS was about eight time faster than the TLS, the SFM-MV applied on UAS images was the most suitable technique to reconstruct the rocky groin. The UAS remote sensing technique can be considered a valid alternative to monitor all types of coastal structures, to improve the inspection of likely damages, and to support coastal structure management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"1485","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["On the 3D Reconstruction of Coastal Structures by Unmanned Aerial Systems with Onboard Global Navigation Satellite System and Real-Time Kinematics and Terrestrial Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9030-3819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diogo","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Coimbra, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polo 2, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, University of Coimbra, 3030-788 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1746-0367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gil","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Coimbra, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polo 2, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Mathematics, University of Coimbra, 3001-501 Coimbra, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Juan Antonio","family":"P\u00e9rez-Alv\u00e1vez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Expresi\u00f3n Gr\u00e1fica, Centro Universitario de M\u00e9rida, Universidad de Extremadura, 06800 M\u00e9rida (Badajoz), Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0185-7802","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umberto","family":"Andriolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INESC Coimbra, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Polo 2, 3030-290 Coimbra, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"CIRIA, CUR, and CETMEF (2007). 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