{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,12]],"date-time":"2025-12-12T13:41:38Z","timestamp":1765546898063,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647648000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41304001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41304001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the 111 Projects","award":["B18062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["B18062"]}]},{"name":"the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["02180052020026"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["02180052020026"]}]},{"name":"the Chongqing Natural Science Foundation","award":["cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0153"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0153"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Precise and rapid extraction of spherical target features from laser point clouds is critical for achieving high-precision registration of multiple point clouds. Existing methods often use linear models to represent spherical target characteristics, which have several drawbacks. This paper proposes a rigorous estimation algorithm for spherical target features based on least squares configurations, in which the point-cloud data error is used as a random parameter, while the spherical center coordinates and radius are used as nonrandom parameters, emphasizing correlation between spherical parameters. The implementation details of this algorithm are illustrated by deriving calculation formulas for three variance\u2013covariance matrices: variance\u2013covariance matrices of the new observations, variance\u2013covariance matrices of the new observation noise, and variance\u2013covariance matrices of random parameters and the new observation noise. Experiments show that the estimation accuracy of sphere centers using our method is improved by at least 5.7% compared to classical algorithms, such as least squares, total least squares, and robust weighted total least squares.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061491","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,20]],"date-time":"2022-03-20T21:37:17Z","timestamp":1647812237000},"page":"1491","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Rigorous Feature Extraction Algorithm for Spherical Target Identification in Terrestrial Laser Scanning"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1813-3162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronghua","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Controls, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Controls, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2440-8054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaolin","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China"}]},{"given":"Yangsheng","family":"You","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.4747","article-title":"Three-dimensional reconstruction of fluvial surface sedimentology and topography using personal mobile laser scanning","volume":"45","author":"Williams","year":"2019","journal-title":"Earth Surf. 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