{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,8]],"date-time":"2026-02-08T01:09:33Z","timestamp":1770512973070,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647820800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007537","name":"Agricultural Research Council of South Africa","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P07000016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P07000016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007537","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Crop farming in Sub-Saharan Africa is constantly confronted by extreme weather events. Researchers have been striving to develop different tools that can be used to reduce the impacts of adverse weather on agriculture. Index-based crop insurance (IBCI) has emerged to be one of the tools that could potentially hedge farmers against weather-related risks. However, IBCI is still constrained by poor product design and basis risk. This study complements the efforts to improve IBCI design by evaluating the performances of the Tropical Applications of Meteorology using SATellite data and ground-based observations (TAMSAT) and Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) in estimating rainfall at different spatial scales over the maize-growing season in a smallholder farming area in South Africa. Results show that CHIRPS outperforms TAMSAT and produces better results at 20-day and monthly time steps. The study then uses CHIRPS and a crop water requirements (CWR) model to derive IBCI thresholds and an IBCI payout model. Results of CWR modeling show that this proposed IBCI system can cover the development, mid-season, and late-season stages of maize growth in the study area. The study then uses this information to calculate the weight, trigger, exit, and tick for each of these growth stages. Although this approach is premised on the prevailing conditions in the study area, it can be applied in other areas with different growing conditions to improve IBCI design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061512","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]],"date-time":"2022-03-21T21:48:42Z","timestamp":1647899322000},"page":"1512","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Proposed Satellite-Based Crop Insurance System for Smallholder Maize Farming"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6224-3812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wonga","family":"Masiza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"},{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2013Natural Resources and Engineering, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5784-033X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes George","family":"Chirima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Research Council\u2013Natural Resources and Engineering, Private Bag X79, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"},{"name":"Centre for Geoinformation Science, Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2181-7824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hamisai","family":"Hamandawana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Afromontane Research Unit, Risk and Vulnerability Science Centre, University of Free State, Private Bag X13, Phuthaditjhaba 9866, South Africa"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7593-9096","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed Mukalazi","family":"Kalumba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}]},{"given":"Hezekiel Bheki","family":"Magagula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Paloma, S., Riesgo, L., and Louhichi, K. 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