{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,29]],"date-time":"2025-12-29T11:33:50Z","timestamp":1767008030722,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Rapid industrialization and urbanization have caused frequent haze pollution episodes during winter in eastern China. Considering that the vertical profile of the aerosol properties changes significantly with altitude, investigating aerosol aloft information via satellite remote sensing is essential for studying regional transport, climate radiative effects, and air quality. Through a synergic approach between lidar, the AErosol RObotic NETwork sunphotometer observations, and WRF-Chem simulations, several transboundary aloft transport events of haze aerosols to Xuzhou, eastern China, are investigated in terms of source, type, and composition and the impact on optical properties. Upper-air aerosol layers are short-lived tiny particles that increase the total aerosol optical depth (AOD). The aloft aerosols not only play a critical role during the haze event, enhancing the scattering of aerosol particles significantly but also cause a rise in the AOD and the \u00c5ngstr\u00f6m exponent (AE), which increases the proportion of fine particles, exacerbating the pollution level near the surface. Based on the model simulation results, our study highlights that the transported aloft aerosols lead to the rapid formation of secondary inorganic substances, such as secondary sulfates, nitrates, and ammonium salts, which strongly contribute to haze event formation. Moreover, the results provide evidence that the haze frequency events associated with polluted dust outbreaks were higher for 2014\u20132015 winter. A closer analysis shows that the advected dust layers over Xuzhou originated from Inner Mongolia and the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region. The study of the occurrence frequency, height, thickness, and optical properties of aloft anthropogenic haze in China will further deepen our understanding and provide a strong basis to assess aerosol impact on transport and the Earth\u2013atmosphere radiative balance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071589","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:29:36Z","timestamp":1648416576000},"page":"1589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Aloft Transport of Haze Aerosols to Xuzhou, Eastern China: Optical Properties, Sources, Type, and Components"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kai","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6087-5293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qin","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"given":"Yishu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9889-8175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason Blake","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4770-4526","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pravash","family":"Tiwari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6111-152X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Lolli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR-IMAA, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Contrada S. Loja snc, 85050 Tito, PZ, Italy"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.05.010","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Structure of Aerosol in China: A Perspective from Multi-Satellite Observations","volume":"178\u2013179","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lolli, S., Khor, W.Y., Matjafri, M.Z., and Lim, H.S. (2019). Monsoon Season Quantitative Assessment of Biomass Burning Clear-Sky Aerosol Radiative Effect at Surface by Ground-Based Lidar Observations in Pulau Pinang, Malaysia in 2014. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11222660"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, Y., Li, Y., Guang, J., Tugui, A., She, L., Qin, K., Fan, C., Che, Y., Xie, Y., and Wen, Y. (2020). Hourly PM2.5 Estimation over Central and Eastern China Based on Himawari-8 Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050855"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niranjan, K., Madhavan, B.L., and Sreekanth, V. (2007). Micro Pulse Lidar Observation of High Altitude Aerosol Layers at Visakhapatnam Located on the East Coast of India. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028199"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2012.05.021","article-title":"Physical and Optical Characteristics of the October 2010 Haze Event over Singapore: A Photometric and Lidar Analysis","volume":"122","author":"Salinas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1088\/1464-4258\/5\/3\/308","article-title":"Diffractive Optical Components for High Power Laser Beam Sampling","volume":"5","author":"Ciofini","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Opt. A Pure Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-11-1639-2018","article-title":"Impact of Varying Lidar Measurement and Data Processing Techniques in Evaluating Cirrus Cloud and Aerosol Direct Radiative Effects","volume":"11","author":"Lolli","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.03.005","article-title":"Long-Range Transport of Siberian Wildfire Smoke to British Columbia: Lidar Observations and Air Quality Impacts","volume":"90","author":"Cottle","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.08.009","article-title":"Detection of Pollution Outflow from Mexico City Using CALIPSO Lidar Measurements","volume":"169","author":"Kar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.05.136","article-title":"Impacts of Elevated-Aerosol-Layer and Aerosol Type on the Correlation of AOD and Particulate Matter with Ground-Based and Satellite Measurements in Nanjing, Southeast China","volume":"532","author":"Han","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023848","article-title":"The Two-Column Aerosol Project: Phase I\u2014Overview and Impact of Elevated Aerosol Layers on Aerosol Optical Depth","volume":"121","author":"Berg","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7936","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD024711","article-title":"Elevated Aerosol Layers and Their Radiative Impact over Kanpur during Monsoon Onset Period","volume":"121","author":"Sarangi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7095","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-7095-2018","article-title":"Vertical Distribution of Aerosols over the Maritime Continent during El Ni\u00f1o","volume":"18","author":"Cohen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15401","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-20-15401-2020","article-title":"Constraining the Relationships between Aerosol Height, Aerosol Optical Depth and Total Column Trace Gas Measurements Using Remote Sensing and Models","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021EF002167","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EF002167","article-title":"Using a New Top-Down Constrained Emissions Inventory to Attribute the Previously Unknown Source of Extreme Aerosol Loadings Observed Annually in the Monsoon Asia Free Troposphere","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth\u2019s Futur."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lolli, S. (2021). Is the Air Too Polluted for Outdoor Activities? Check by Using Your Photovoltaic System as an Air-Quality Monitoring Device. Sensors, 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/s21196342"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9884","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021757","article-title":"Investigating the Aerosol Optical and Radiative Characteristics of Heavy Haze Episodes in Beijing during January of 2013","volume":"119","author":"Bi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4380","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021641","article-title":"Investigation of the Sources and Evolution Processes of Severe Haze Pollution in Beijing in January 2013","volume":"119","author":"Sun","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2014.09.026","article-title":"Formation Process of the Widespread Extreme Haze Pollution over Northern China in January 2013: Implications for Regional Air Quality and Climate","volume":"98","author":"Tao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1268","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.04.0248","article-title":"WRF-Chem Simulation of a Severe Haze Episode in the Yangtze River Delta, China","volume":"16","author":"Sun","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54019","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/11\/5\/054019","article-title":"Did the Widespread Haze Pollution over China Increase during the Last Decade? A Satellite View from Space","volume":"11","author":"Tao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-2969-2015","article-title":"Exploring the Severe Winter Haze in Beijing: The Impact of Synoptic Weather, Regional Transport and Heterogeneous Reactions","volume":"15","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13774","article-title":"High Secondary Aerosol Contribution to Particulate Pollution during Haze Events in China","volume":"514","author":"Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7629","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-7629-2011","article-title":"Development of a Fast, Urban Chemistry Metamodel for Inclusion in Global Models","volume":"11","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L10808","DOI":"10.1029\/2011GL047417","article-title":"The Impact of Detailed Urban-Scale Processing on the Composition, Distribution, and Radiative Forcing of Anthropogenic Aerosols","volume":"38","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11791","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-11791-2019","article-title":"Significant Reduction of PM2.5 in Eastern China Due to Regional-Scale Emission Control: Evidence from SORPES in 2011\u20132018","volume":"19","author":"Ding","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1038\/s41561-020-0583-4","article-title":"Amplified Transboundary Transport of Haze by Aerosol\u2013Boundary Layer Interaction in China","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.01.027","article-title":"Particulate Matter Pollution over China and the Effects of Control Policies","volume":"584\u2013585","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2873","DOI":"10.1002\/2016GL067745","article-title":"Enhanced Haze Pollution by Black Carbon in Megacities in China","volume":"43","author":"Ding","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8596","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL079239","article-title":"Impact of Aerosol-PBL Interaction on Haze Pollution: Multiyear Observational Evidences in North China","volume":"45","author":"Huang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2012-004","article-title":"Gravity-Current Driven Transport of Haze from North China Plain to Northeast China in Winter 2010-Part I: Observations","volume":"8","author":"Yang","year":"2012","journal-title":"SOLA"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11485","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-11485-2019","article-title":"Rapid Transition in Winter Aerosol Composition in Beijing from 2014 to 2017: Response to Clean Air Actions","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2015.05.063","article-title":"Impact of Synoptic Weather Patterns and Inter-Decadal Climate Variability on Air Quality in the North China Plain during 1980\u20132013","volume":"124","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2018.07.0245","article-title":"Black Carbon Aerosol in the Industrial City of Xuzhou, China: Temporal Characteristics and Source Appointment","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136820","article-title":"Multichannel Characteristics of Absorbing Aerosols in Xuzhou and Implication of Black Carbon","volume":"714","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.4209\/aaqr.2015.10.0610","article-title":"Performance Evaluation of the {WRF}-Chem Model with Different Physical Parameterization Schemes during an Extremely High {PM}2.5 Pollution Episode in Beijing","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aerosol Air Qual. Res."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, X., and Gao, X. (2018). A New Study on Air Quality Standards: Air Quality Measurement and Evaluation for Jiangsu Province Based on Six Major Air Pollutants. Sustainability, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/su10103561"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qin, K., Wang, L., Xu, J., Letu, H., Zhang, K., Li, D., Zou, J., and Fan, W. (2018). Haze Optical Properties from Long-Term Ground- Based Remote Sensing over Beijing and Xuzhou, China. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10040518"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2016.06.042","article-title":"Trans-Boundary Aerosol Transport during a Winter Haze Episode in China Revealed by Ground-Based Lidar and CALIPSO Satellite","volume":"141","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-4257(98)00031-5","article-title":"AERONET\u2014A Federated Instrument Network and Data Archive for Aerosol Characterization","volume":"66","author":"Holben","year":"1998","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2002)019<0431:FTESCA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Full-Time, Eye-Safe Cloud and Aerosol Lidar Observation at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program Sites: Instruments and Data Processing","volume":"19","author":"Campbell","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1117\/12.417040","article-title":"Global Monitoring of Clouds and Aerosols Using a Network of Micropulse Lidar Systems","volume":"Volume 4153","author":"Singh","year":"2001","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Lidar Remote Sensing for Industry and Environment Monitoring"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2785","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.002785","article-title":"Novel Polarization-Sensitive Micropulse Lidar Measurement Technique","volume":"15","author":"Flynn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.23.000652","article-title":"Analysis of Atmospheric Lidar Observations: Some Comments","volume":"23","author":"Fernald","year":"1984","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"635","article-title":"Ground-Based Lidar Measurements of Aerosols during ACE-2: Instrument Description, Results, and Comparisons with Other Ground-Based and Airborne Measurements","volume":"52","author":"Welton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Tellus"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31333","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD900923","article-title":"Wavelength Dependence of the Optical Depth of Biomass Burning, Urban, and Desert Dust Aerosols","volume":"104","author":"Eck","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Neill, N.T., Eck, T.F., Smirnov, A., Holben, B.N., and Thulasiraman, S. (2003). Spectral Discrimination of Coarse and Fine Mode Optical Depth. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002975"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Winker, D.M., Hunt, W.H., and McGill, M.J. (2007). Initial Performance Assessment of CALIOP. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030135"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mielonen, T., Arola, A., Komppula, M., Kukkonen, J., Koskinen, J., De Leeuw, G., and Lehtinen, K.E.J. (2009). Comparison of CALIOP Level 2 Aerosol Subtypes to Aerosol Types Derived from AERONET Inversion Data. Geophys. Res. Lett., 36.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL039609"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-1397-2013","article-title":"Aerosol Classification from Airborne HSRL and Comparisons with the CALIPSO Vertical Feature Mask","volume":"6","author":"Burton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027","article-title":"Fully Coupled \u201cOnline\u201d Chemistry within the WRF Model","volume":"39","author":"Grell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1093\/nsr\/nwx150","article-title":"Anthropogenic Emission Inventories in China: A Review","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Natl. Sci. Rev."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18004","DOI":"10.1051\/epjconf\/201611918004","article-title":"Integrated Observation of Aerosol Plumes Transport and Impacts on the Air Quality Remote Sensing in the Northeast U.S","volume":"119","author":"Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"EPJ Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"376","article-title":"Developing a Broad Spectrum Atmospheric Aerosol Characterization for Remote Sensing Platforms over Desert Regions","volume":"Volume 9071","author":"Holst","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Infrared Imaging Systems: Design, Analysis, Modeling, and Testing XXV"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-16-0262.1","article-title":"Daytime Top-of-the-Atmosphere Cirrus Cloud Radiative Forcing Properties at Singapore","volume":"56","author":"Lolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL094300","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL094300","article-title":"Inferring Polluted Asian Absorbing Aerosol Properties Using Decadal Scale AERONET Measurements and a MIE Model","volume":"48","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"156","article-title":"On the Atmospheric Transmission of Sun Radiation and on Dust in the Air","volume":"11","year":"1929","journal-title":"Geogr. Ann."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1873","DOI":"10.1029\/91GL02239","article-title":"The Short-term Temperature Response to Smoke from Oil Fires","volume":"18","author":"Westphal","year":"1991","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schuster, G.L., Dubovik, O., and Holben, B.N. (2006). Angstrom Exponent and Bimodal Aerosol Size Distributions. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006328"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9337","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-13-9337-2013","article-title":"Relating Aerosol Absorption Due to Soot, Organic Carbon, and Dust to Emission Sources Determined from in-Situ Chemical Measurements","volume":"13","author":"Cazorla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jqsrt.2009.02.035","article-title":"Aerosol Light Absorption and Its Measurement: A Review","volume":"110","author":"Chakrabarty","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transf."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD019912","article-title":"Estimating Global Black Carbon Emissions Using a Top-down Kalman Filter Approach","volume":"119","author":"Cohen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-14-0247.1","article-title":"Inline Coupling of WRF\u2013HYSPLIT: Model Development and Evaluation Using Tracer Experiments","volume":"54","author":"Ngan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envsoft.2009.01.004","article-title":"TrajStat: GIS-Based Software That Uses Various Trajectory Statistical Analysis Methods to Identify Potential Sources from Long-Term Air Pollution Measurement Data","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Zhang, X.Y., Arimoto, R., Cao, J.J., and Shen, Z.X. (2004). The Transport Pathways and Sources of PM10 Pollution in Beijing during Spring 2001, 2002 and 2003. Geophys. Res. Lett., 31.","DOI":"10.1029\/2004GL019732"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.10.053","article-title":"Heavy Haze Episodes in Beijing during January 2013: Inorganic Ion Chemistry and Source Analysis Using Highly Time-Resolved Measurements from an Urban Site","volume":"544","author":"Han","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3349","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-6-3349-2013","article-title":"0.355-Micrometer Direct Detection Wind Lidar under Testing during a Field Campaign in Consideration of ESA\u2019s ADM-Aeolus Mission","volume":"6","author":"Lolli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1175\/WAF885.1","article-title":"Evaluation of Surface Sensible Weather Forecasts by the WRF and the Eta Models over the Western United States","volume":"20","author":"Cheng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1589\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:43:36Z","timestamp":1760136216000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1589"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14071589"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14071589","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]}}}