{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,20]],"date-time":"2026-01-20T13:01:00Z","timestamp":1768914060730,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]],"date-time":"2022-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648252800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ph.D. Student Research and Innovation Fund of the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","award":["3072021GIP0505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3072021GIP0505"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11974090 and 11774074"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11974090 and 11774074"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The modulation mode recognition of non-cooperative underwater acoustic (UWA) communication signal faces great challenges due to the influence of the UWA channel and the demand for efficient recognition. This work proposes a recognition method for UWA orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), binary frequency shift keying (2FSK), four-frequency shift keying (4FSK), and eight-frequency shift keying (8FSK) by using spectral peak feature extraction combined with random forest (RF). First, a new spectral peak feature extraction method is proposed. In this method, pre-processing, waveform optimization, and feature extraction are used to ensure that the extracted feature maintains high robustness in the UWA channel. Then, we designed an RF classifier that can meet the demand for high-efficiency recognition and good performance. Finally, simulation and experimental results verified the feasibility of the recognition method.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071603","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,27]],"date-time":"2022-03-27T21:31:25Z","timestamp":1648416685000},"page":"1603","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Modulation Mode Recognition Method of Non-Cooperative Underwater Acoustic Communication Signal Based on Spectral Peak Feature Extraction and Random Forest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Tao","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Lanyue","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]},{"given":"Songzuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Acoustic Science and Technology Laboratory, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Marine Information Acquisition and Security, Harbin Engineering University, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Harbin 150001, China"},{"name":"College of Underwater Acoustic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, Harbin 150001, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adhoc.2014.08.012","article-title":"The SUNSET framework for simulation, emulation and at-sea testing of underwater wireless sensor networks","volume":"34","author":"Petrioli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ad Hoc Netw."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toso, G., Masiero, R., and Casari, P. 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