{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,22]],"date-time":"2026-03-22T01:15:34Z","timestamp":1774142134004,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62171430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62171430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62101071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62101071"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007847","name":"Jilin Provincial Natural Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20210101099JC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20210101099JC"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007847","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2019 Zhuhai Innovation and Entrepreneurship Team Project","award":["ZH0405190001PWC"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZH0405190001PWC"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Polarization and infrared imaging technology have unique advantages for various applications ranging from biology to ocean remote sensing. However, conventional combined polarization camera and infrared camera have limitations because they are constrained to single-band imaging systems with rotating polarizers and cascaded optics. Therefore, we propose a common-aperture mode based on multi-band infrared guided polarization imaging system (IGPIS) in this paper, which consists of infrared wide-area sensing and polarization features acquisition for accurate detection of ship targets. The IGPIS can provide images in visible polarization (0.45\u20130.76 \u03bcm), near-infrared polarization (0.76\u20130.9 \u03bcm), and long-wave infrared (8\u201312 \u03bcm) bands. Satellite attitude parameters and camera optical parameters are accurately calculated by establishing a dynamic imaging model for guidance imaging. We illustrate the imaging principle, sensors specifications and imaging performance analysis and the experimental results show that the MTF is 0.24 for visible and near-infrared, and 0.13 for long-wave infrared. The obtained multi-band images have an average gradient of 12.77 after accurate fusion. These results provide theoretical guidance for the design of common-aperture cameras in remote sensing imaging field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071620","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:45:51Z","timestamp":1648590351000},"page":"1620","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Optical Design of a Common-Aperture Camera for Infrared Guided Polarization Imaging"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wei","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"College of Daheng, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China"}]},{"given":"Xiubin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"College of Daheng, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Suining","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"College of Daheng, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Yunqiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"College of Daheng, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China"},{"name":"College of Daheng, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5884","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.400872","article-title":"Mid-wave infrared polarization imaging system for detecting moving scene","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F256","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.54.00F256","article-title":"Airborne system for multispectral, multiangle polarimetric imaging","volume":"54","author":"Bowles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9996","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.389591","article-title":"Compound-eye metasurface optics enabling a high-sensitivity, ultra-thin polarization camera","volume":"28","author":"Miyata","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Yan, R., Zhang, J., Xu, Y., Chen, P., Shi, L., Wang, J., Zhong, S., and Zhang, X. (2021). Arctic Sea Ice Classification Based on CFOSAT SWIM Data at Multiple Small Incidence Angles. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14010091"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.886176","article-title":"Target Scattering Decomposition in Terms of Roll-Invariant Target Parameters","volume":"45","author":"Touzi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3213","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2017.2681719","article-title":"Scattering Mechanism Based Snow Cover Mapping Using RADARSAT-2 C-Band Polarimetric SAR Data","volume":"10","author":"Muhuri","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JE006508","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JE006508","article-title":"Infrared Observations of Ganymede from the Jovian InfraRed Auroral Mapper on Juno","volume":"125","author":"Mura","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Planets"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"061306","DOI":"10.1117\/1.OE.52.6.061306","article-title":"Dual band infrared picture-in-picture systems","volume":"52","author":"Vizgaitis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4036","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.58.004036","article-title":"Multi-angle-view monocular camera using a polarization image sensor","volume":"58","author":"Ohno","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3900309","DOI":"10.1109\/JPHOT.2020.3048007","article-title":"Calibration Method for Division-of-Focal-Plane Polarimeters Using Nonuniform Light","volume":"13","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Photonics J."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"25","article-title":"Detection and tracking of RC model aircraft in LWIR microgrid polarimeter data","volume":"8160","author":"Ratliff","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. SPIE-Int. Soc. Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.15.001054","article-title":"Single camera based spectral domain polarization sensitive optical coherence tomography","volume":"15","author":"Baumann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4992","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.004992","article-title":"Calibration method for division of focal plane polarimeters","volume":"57","author":"Fei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.001376","article-title":"Demosaicking DoFP images using Newton\u2019s polynomial interpolation and polarization difference model","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17081","DOI":"10.1038\/lsa.2017.81","article-title":"Automated design of freeform imaging systems","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Light. Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8221","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.55.008221","article-title":"Polarimetric dehazing method for visibility improvement based on visible and infrared image fusion","volume":"55","author":"Liang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19523","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.22.019523","article-title":"Image dehazing using polarization effects of objects and airlight","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3199","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.56.003199","article-title":"Real-time polarization imaging algorithm for camera-based polarization navi-gation sensors","volume":"56","author":"Lu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, H., Zhao, K., Wang, X., You, Z., and Huang, K. (2016). Real-time Imaging Orientation Determination System to Verify Imaging Polarization Navigation Algorithm. Sensors, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/s16020144"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5349","DOI":"10.1109\/JSEN.2020.3031626","article-title":"Study on Enlarging the Searching Scope of Staring Area and Tracking Imaging of Dynamic Targets by Optical Satellites","volume":"21","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Sens. J."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejor.2015.03.011","article-title":"A multi-objective local search heuristic for scheduling Earth observations taken by an agile satellite","volume":"245","author":"Tangpattanakul","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oper. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38638","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.405834","article-title":"Polarization measurement accuracy analysis and improvement methods for the directional polarimetric camera","volume":"28","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25240","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25240","article-title":"Ultrafast Imaging using Spectral Resonance Modulation","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24379","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.024379","article-title":"Thin wafer-level camera lenses inspired by insect compound eyes","volume":"18","author":"Brueckner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10663","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.25.010663","article-title":"Point-by-point design method for mixed-surface-type off-axis reflective imaging systems with spherical, aspheric, and freeform surfaces","volume":"25","author":"Gong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijleo.2019.162933","article-title":"Study of satellite imaging with pitch motion compensation to increase SNR","volume":"192","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Optik"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5191","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.38.005191","article-title":"Noise contributions for imaging spectrometers","volume":"38","author":"Nieke","year":"1999","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10125","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.57.010125","article-title":"Modeling the ship white water wake in the midwave infrared","volume":"57","author":"Issa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shuai, T., Sun, K., Wu, X.N., Zhang, X., and Shi, B.H. (2016, January 10\u201315). A ship target automatic detection method for high-resolution remote sensing. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2016\u20142016 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Beijing, China.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2016.7729319"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1822","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2954578","article-title":"A Local Contrast Method for Infrared Small-Target Detection Utilizing a Tri-Layer Window","volume":"17","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.inffus.2021.02.008","article-title":"An infrared and visible image fusion method based on multi-scale transformation and norm optimization","volume":"71","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Inf. Fusion"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"399","article-title":"On the Composition and Resolution of Streams of Polarized Light from different Sources","volume":"9","author":"Stokes","year":"1851","journal-title":"Trans. Camb. Philos. Soc."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2015.1088669","article-title":"A new compact polarimetric SAR decomposition technique","volume":"6","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10564","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.010564","article-title":"Weighted sparse representation multi-scale transform fusion algorithm for high dynamic range imaging with a low-light dual-channel camera","volume":"27","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21757","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.18.021757","article-title":"Fusion of color microscopic images based on bidimensional empirical mode decomposition","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1620\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:45:04Z","timestamp":1760136304000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1620"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14071620"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14071620","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]}}}