{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:01:02Z","timestamp":1760151662946,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Archaeological sites have been subjected to preservation efforts due to their significant historical and cultural value, as well as their vulnerability. Several advanced digital imageries and modeling technologies have been proposed in the literature and adopted in practice to obtain accurate data required to manage and restore archaeological sites. This study proposes an integrated data collection and analysis methodology combining aerial and close-range photogrammetry, geographic information systems (GIS), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR) technologies to capture essential geospatial and geophysical information for preserving archaeological sites. The integrated methodology was applied and demonstrated with data and information collected from the important archaeological site of Qaser Amra, which is an ancient castle located in the desert in Jordan. The proposed methodology generated various levels of details, including a 2.5-dimensional geo-reference model, a GIS vector site layout, and a three-dimensional (3D) textured model. Subsurface detection of anomalies was performed across the site using the GPR technology. Most anomalies indicated shallow subsurface walls buried within depths ranging from half to one meter and at different extensions. Moreover, based on the GPR data, the horizontal and vertical extent of Qaser Amra\u2019s walls were defined using 3D imaging. The integrated 3D archaeological model of Qaser Amra can be used for archaeological documentation, maintenance and monitoring, conservation, tourism, and urban planning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071622","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,29]],"date-time":"2022-03-29T21:45:51Z","timestamp":1648590351000},"page":"1622","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Integrated Archaeological Modeling Based on Geomatics Techniques and Ground-Penetrating Radar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7111-0061","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rami","family":"Al-Ruzouq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8777-2331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saleh","family":"Abu Dabous","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"given":"Abdelrahman","family":"Abueladas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geomatics Engineering, Al-Balqa Applied University, Salt 19117, Jordan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6108-4226","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fatma","family":"Hosny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}]},{"given":"Fakhariya","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Industrial Engineering and Management, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, United Arab Emirates"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201816203027","article-title":"3D Digital modeling for archeology using close range photogrammetry","volume":"162","author":"Khalaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"MATEC Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s12518-018-0227-1","article-title":"Geomatics for economic archaeological documentation and management","volume":"10","author":"Venkatachalam","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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