{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,18]],"date-time":"2026-04-18T01:15:26Z","timestamp":1776474926245,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["845\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["845\/15"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Cofecub","award":["845\/15"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["845\/15"]}]},{"name":"H2020- MSCA-RISE-2015 ODYSSEA European project","award":["691053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["691053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to different combinations of agriculture, livestock and forestry managed by rotation, succession and intercropping practices, integrated agriculture production systems such as integrated crop\u2013livestock systems (iCL) constitute a very complex target and a challenge for automatic mapping of cropping practices based on remote sensing data. The overall objective of this study was to develop a classification strategy for the annual mapping of integrated Crop\u2013Livestock systems (iCL) at a regional scale. This strategy was designed and tested in the six agro-climatic regions of Mato Grosso, the largest Brazilian soybean producer state, using MODIS satellite time-series images acquired between 2012 and 2019, ground data with heterogeneous distribution in space and time and a Random Forest classifier. The results showed that: 1. the use of unbalanced training samples with a class composition close to the real one was the right classifier training strategy; 2. the use of a single training database (pooling samples from different years and regions) to classify each region and year individually proved to be robust enough to provide similar classification accuracies in comparison to those based on the use of a database acquired for each region and for each year. The final hierarchical classification overall accuracy was 0.89 for Level 1, the cropping pattern level (single and double crops DC); 0.84 for Level 2, the DC category level (integrated system iCL soy-pasture\/brachiaria, soy-cotton and soy-cereal); 0.77 for Level 3, the iCL level (iCL1 soy-pasture and iCL2 soy-pasture mixed with corn). The F-scores for DC, iCL and iCL1 cropping systems presented high accuracy (0.89, 0.85 and 0.84), while iCL2 was more difficult to classify (0.63). This approach will next be applied across the entire Brazilian soybean corridor, leading to an operational tool for monitoring the adoption of sustainable intensification practices recognized by Brazil\u2019s Agriculture Low Carbon Plan (ABC PLAN).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071648","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"1648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Monitoring Complex Integrated Crop\u2013Livestock Systems at Regional Scale in Brazil: A Big Earth Observation Data Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Patrick Calvano","family":"Kuchler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ\/FEN\/DESC\/PPGMA), Rua S\u00e3o Francisco Xavier, 524, 5031 D, Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil"},{"name":"TETIS, University Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE 648 Rue Jean Fran\u00e7ois Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margareth","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ\/FEN\/DESC\/PPGMA), Rua S\u00e3o Francisco Xavier, 524, 5031 D, Maracan\u00e3, Rio de Janeiro 20550-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Embrapa Solos, Rua Jardim Bot\u00e2nico 1024, Rio de Janeiro 22460-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Ferraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Solos, Rua Jardim Bot\u00e2nico 1024, Rio de Janeiro 22460-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3017-9625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Arvor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, UMR 6554 LETG, Universit\u00e9 Rennes 2, 35043 Rennes, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0254-3327","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Luiz Oliveira","family":"de Almeida Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Embrapa Arroz e Feij\u00e3o, Rodovia GO-462, km 12, Santo Antonio de Goias 75375-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5367-8059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, PPGM Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, Novo Horizonte 44036-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9470-4791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Gaetano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TETIS, University Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE 648 Rue Jean Fran\u00e7ois Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"CIRAD, UMR TETIS, 34398 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9289-1052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agn\u00e8s","family":"B\u00e9gu\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"TETIS, University Montpellier, AgroParisTech, CIRAD, CNRS, INRAE 648 Rue Jean Fran\u00e7ois Breton, 34090 Montpellier, France"},{"name":"CIRAD, UMR TETIS, 34398 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"USDA (2018). 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