{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,14]],"date-time":"2026-01-14T23:38:39Z","timestamp":1768433919108,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Canada Research Chair program","award":["231380"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["231380"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000038","name":"Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CRSNG-RGPIN-2015-03844"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRSNG-RGPIN-2015-03844"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000038","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study assesses the performance of UAV lidar system in measuring high-resolution snow depths in agro-forested landscapes in southern Qu\u00e9bec, Canada. We used manmade, mobile ground control points in summer and winter surveys to assess the absolute vertical accuracy of the point cloud. Relative accuracy was determined by a repeat flight over one survey block. Estimated absolute and relative errors were within the expected accuracy of the lidar (~5 and ~7 cm, respectively). The validation of lidar-derived snow depths with ground-based measurements showed a good agreement, however with higher uncertainties observed in forested areas compared with open areas. A strip alignment procedure was used to attempt the correction of misalignment between overlapping flight strips. However, the significant improvement of inter-strip relative accuracy brought by this technique was at the cost of the absolute accuracy of the entire point cloud. This phenomenon was further confirmed by the degraded performance of the strip-aligned snow depths compared with ground-based measurements. This study shows that boresight calibrated point clouds without strip alignment are deemed to be adequate to provide centimeter-level accurate snow depth maps with UAV lidar. Moreover, this study provides some of the earliest snow depth mapping results in agro-forested landscapes based on UAV lidar.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"1649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["An Accuracy Assessment of Snow Depth Measurements in Agro-Forested Environments by UAV Lidar"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0337-1451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasana","family":"Dharmadasa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Qu\u00e9bec at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivieres, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Northern Studies (CEN), Quebec City, QC GV1 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Research Centre for Watershed-Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions (RIVE), University of Qu\u00e9bec at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivieres, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4553-5258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christophe","family":"Kinnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Qu\u00e9bec at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivieres, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada"},{"name":"Center for Northern Studies (CEN), Quebec City, QC GV1 0A6, Canada"},{"name":"Research Centre for Watershed-Aquatic Ecosystem Interactions (RIVE), University of Qu\u00e9bec at Trois-Rivi\u00e8res, Trois-Rivieres, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Michel","family":"Bara\u00ebr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Construction Engineering, \u00c9cole de Technologie Sup\u00e9rieure, Montreal, QC H3C 1K3, Canada"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04141","article-title":"Potential impacts of a warming climate on water availability in snow-dominated regions","volume":"438","author":"Barnett","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W07539","DOI":"10.1029\/2011WR010745","article-title":"Representing spatial variability of snow water equivalent in hydrologic and land surface models: A review","volume":"47","author":"Clark","year":"2011","journal-title":"Water Resour. 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