{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T16:58:42Z","timestamp":1781283522852,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Major Project of Basic and Applied Basic Research","award":["2020B0301030004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B0301030004"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42075004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42075004"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42005062"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42005062"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42105068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42105068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province of China","award":["2021A1515011404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021A1515011404"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Previous studies have reported the large-scale meteorological conditions and dynamic causes of the extreme period of meiyu rainfall in 2020. However, the microphysical properties of meiyu precipitation during this period remain unclear. We used the Global Precipitation Measurement 2ADPR orbital precipitation dataset, the IMERG gridded precipitation dataset and the ERA5 reanalysis dataset to study the characteristics of meiyu precipitation over the Yangtze Plain during the extreme meiyu period in 2020 and historical meiyu periods from 2014 to 2019. The results showed that the average daily rainfall during the 2020 meiyu period was 1.5 times higher than the historical average as a result of the super-strong water vapor flux in the low- to mid-level layers of the atmosphere. The amplitude of nocturnal low-level water vapor transport during the 2020 meiyu period was twice the historical average and, therefore, the diurnal peak of meiyu rainfall at 0630 LST in 2020 was significantly earlier than the historical average. The moisture transport was the dominant moisture supply for precipitation during the 2020 meiyu period, whereas the moisture convection contributed less than in the meiyu periods of 2014\u20132019. This led to the precipitation in the 2020 meiyu period having a higher concentration of smaller droplets than the historical average. There were lower proportions of size-sorting evaporation and break-up processes in the liquid-phase precipitation processes in the 2020 meiyu than the historical average, but a higher proportion of coalescence processes. These results provide a factual basis for the simulation and forecast of precipitation during extreme meiyu periods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"1651","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Precipitation Microphysics during the Extreme Meiyu Period in 2020"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Aoqi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9134-9368","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yilun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anhui Meteorological Observatory, Hefei 230031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shumin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weibiao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D18120","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD011733","article-title":"An empirical seasonal prediction model of the east Asian summer monsoon using ENSO and NAO","volume":"114","author":"Wu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JCLI3128.1","article-title":"Large-Scale Dynamics of the Meiyu-Baiu Rainband: Environmental Forcing by the Westerly Jet","volume":"23","author":"Sampe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X., Lu, C., Shi, X., and Ding, Y. (2010). Large-scale topography of China: A factor for the seasonal progression of the Meiyu rainband?. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 115.","DOI":"10.1029\/2009JD012444"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj1965.78.2_141","article-title":"Large-and meso-\u03b1-scale characteristics of Meiyu\/Baiu front associated with intense rainfalls in 1\u201310 July 1991","volume":"78","author":"Ninomiya","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10593","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023584","article-title":"Investigation of the predictability and physical mechanisms of an extreme-rainfall-producing mesoscale convective system along the Meiyu front in East China: An ensemble approach","volume":"120","author":"Luo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1981)062<0023:OEOTIO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Observational Evidence of the Influence of the Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau on the Occurrence of Heavy Rain and Severe Convective Storms in China","volume":"62","author":"Tao","year":"1981","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-007-0440-5","article-title":"Meiyu in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River since 1736","volume":"53","author":"Ge","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4131-5","article-title":"Relationship between the onset date of the Meiyu and the South Asian anticyclone in April and the related mechanisms","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3085","article-title":"Record-breaking summer rainfall in South Korea in 2020: Synoptic characteristics and the role of large-scale circulations","volume":"149","author":"Park","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-021-1030-1","article-title":"Contribution of Water Vapor to the Record-Breaking Extreme Meiyu Rainfall along the Yangtze River Valley in 2020","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1980","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-0361-2","article-title":"The Record-breaking Meiyu in 2020 and Associated Atmospheric Circulation and Tropical SST Anomalies","volume":"38","author":"Ding","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1097-8","article-title":"Moisture Origins and Transport Processes for the 2020 Yangtze River Valley Record-Breaking Mei-yu Rainfall","volume":"38","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2040","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1078-y","article-title":"The Extreme Mei-yu Season in 2020: Role of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and the Cooperative Influence of the Pacific and Indian Oceans","volume":"38","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pang, Z., Shi, C., Gu, J., Pan, Y., and Xu, B. (2021). Assessment of a Gauge-Radar-Satellite Merged Hourly Precipitation Product for Accurately Monitoring the Characteristics of the Super-Strong Meiyu Precipitation over the Yangtze River Basin in 2020. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13193850"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-015-5192-6","article-title":"Indo-Western Pacific Ocean Capacitor and Coherent Climate Anomalies in Post-ENSO Summer: A Review","volume":"33","author":"Xie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takaya, Y., Ishikawa, I., Kobayashi, C., Endo, H., and Ose, T. (2020). Enhanced Meiyu-Baiu Rainfall in Early Summer 2020: Aftermath of the 2019 Super IOD Event. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090671"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1994","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-0433-3","article-title":"Cause of Extreme Heavy and Persistent Rainfall over Yangtze River in Summer 2020","volume":"38","author":"Pan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2067","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1009-y","article-title":"Why Does Extreme Rainfall Occur in Central China during the Summer of 2020 after a Weak El Ni\u00f1o?","volume":"38","author":"Fang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2022255118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2022255118","article-title":"Historic Yangtze flooding of 2020 tied to extreme Indian Ocean conditions","volume":"118","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Dai, A., Wen, Z., and Song, Y. (2021). Contributions of Arctic Sea-Ice Loss and East Siberian Atmospheric Blocking to 2020 Record-Breaking Meiyu-Baiu Rainfall. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL092748"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2010","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1086-y","article-title":"The Anomalous Mei-yu Rainfall of Summer 2020 from a Circulation Clustering Perspective: Current and Possible Future Prevalence","volume":"38","author":"Clark","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2021-019","article-title":"Moisture Supply, Jet, and Silk-Road Wave Train Associated with the Prolonged Heavy Rainfall in Kyushu, Japan in Early July 2020","volume":"17B","author":"Horinouchi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, B., Yan, Y., Zhu, C., Ma, S., and Li, J. (2020). Record-Breaking Meiyu Rainfall Around the Yangtze River in 2020 Regulated by the Subseasonal Phase Transition of the North Atlantic Oscillation. Geophys. Res. Lett., 47.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL090342"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiao, S., Chen, D., Wang, B., Cheung, H.N., Liu, F., Cheng, J., Tang, S., Zhang, Z., Feng, G., and Dong, W. (2021). The Longest 2020 Meiyu Season Over the Past 60 Years: Subseasonal Perspective and Its Predictions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 48.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL093596"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1939","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2021.05.011","article-title":"Record Meiyu-Baiu of 2020: Reflections for prediction","volume":"66","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2212","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1087-x","article-title":"Seasonal Rainfall Forecasts for the Yangtze River Basin in the Extreme Summer of 2020","volume":"38","author":"Bett","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1092-0","article-title":"The Seasonal Prediction of the Exceptional Yangtze River Rainfall in Summer 2020","volume":"38","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1007\/s11434-009-0473-z","article-title":"Simulation of 1991\u20132005 Meiyu seasons in the Yangtze-Huaihe region using BCC_RegCM 1.0","volume":"55","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tong, M., Zheng, Z., and Fu, Q. (2021). Characteristics of Meiyu Seen from Multiple Observational Analyses and Reanalyses. Earth Space Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.1029\/2021EA001647"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1085-z","article-title":"Magnitude, Scale, and Dynamics of the 2020 Mei-yu Rains and Floods over China","volume":"38","author":"Muetzelfeldt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, W., Dong, X., Xi, B., and Liu, M. (2020). Cloud and Precipitation Properties of MCSs Along the Meiyu Frontal Zone in Central and Southern China and Their Associated Large-Scale Environments. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031601"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, A.Q., Chen, Y.L., Zhou, S.N., Cui, C.G., Wan, R., and Fu, Y.F. (2020). Diurnal Variation of Meiyu Rainfall in the Yangtze Plain During Atypical Meiyu Years. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031742"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3788","DOI":"10.1002\/2017GL072739","article-title":"Role of seasonal transitions and the westerlies in the interannual variability of the East Asian summer monsoon precipitation","volume":"44","author":"Chiang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03342052","article-title":"Observation and Numerical Simulation of Cloud Physical Processes Associated with Torrential Rain of the Meiyu Front","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5872","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00350.1","article-title":"A Contrast in Precipitation Characteristics across the Baiu Front near Japan. Part I: TRMM PR Observation","volume":"27","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, G., Zhao, K., Wen, L., Wang, M., Huang, H., Wang, M., Yang, Z., Zhang, G., Zhang, P., and Lee, W. (2019). Microphysical Characteristics of Three Convective Events with Intense Rainfall Observed by Polarimetric Radar and Disdrometer in Eastern China. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11172004"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, L., Zhao, K., Yang, Z., Chen, H., Huang, H., Chen, G., and Yang, Z. (2020). Microphysics of Stratiform and Convective Precipitation During Meiyu Season in Eastern China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032677"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, Y., Dong, X., Cui, W., Zhou, Z., Fu, Z., Zhou, L., Deng, Y., and Cui, C. (2020). Vertical Structures of Typical Meiyu Precipitation Events Retrieved From GPM-DPR. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD031466"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Iguchi, T., Seto, S., Meneghini, R., Yoshida, N., Awaka, J., Le, M., Chandrasekar, V., and Kubota, T. (2010). GPM\/DPR Level-2 Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"26","article-title":"NASA global precipitation measurement (GPM) integrated multi-satellite retrievals for GPM (IMERG)","volume":"4","author":"Huffman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Algorithm Theor. Basis Doc. (ATBD) Version"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-18-0085.1","article-title":"Life Cycle Effects on the Vertical Structure of Precipitation in East China Measured by Himawari-8 and GPM DPR","volume":"146","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, D., Guo, J., Yao, D., Feng, Z., and Lin, Y. (2020). Elucidating the Life Cycle of Warm-Season Mesoscale Convective Systems in Eastern China from the Himawari-8 Geostationary Satellite. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142307"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-018-8095-5","article-title":"Role of the Nocturnal Low-level Jet in the Formation of the Morning Precipitation Peak over the Dabie Mountains","volume":"36","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-007-0347-8","article-title":"Anomalous Meiyu onset averaged over the Yangtze River valley","volume":"94","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3674","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-14-0060.1","article-title":"A Simple Analytical Model of the Nocturnal Low-Level Jet over the Great Plains of the United States","volume":"71","author":"Du","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, R., Zhou, T., Xiong, A., Zhu, Y., and Li, J. (2007). Diurnal variations of summer precipitation over contiguous China. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL028129"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3365","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-16-0423.1","article-title":"Diurnal Cycle of a Heavy Rainfall Corridor over East Asia","volume":"145","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5090","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028368","article-title":"The Controlling Role of Boundary Layer Inertial Oscillations in Meiyu Frontal Precipitation and Its Diurnal Cycles Over China","volume":"123","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2004.1095","article-title":"An Observational Study of the Development of a Rainband on a Meiyu Front Causing Heavy Rainfall in the Downstream Region of the Yangtze River","volume":"82","author":"Geng","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.1964","article-title":"An error model for instantaneous satellite rainfall estimates: Evaluation of BRAIN-TMI over West Africa","volume":"139","author":"Kirstetter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, A., Zhang, Y., Cui, C., Wan, R., Wang, B., and Fu, Y. (2020). A Heavy Precipitation Event in the Yangtze River Basin Led by an Eastward Moving Tibetan Plateau Cloud System in the Summer of 2016. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 125.","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD032429"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2004)043<0264:AGATDN>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A general approach to double-moment normalization of drop size distributions","volume":"43","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-20-0087.1","article-title":"Comparison of Microphysical Characteristics between the Southern Korean Peninsula and Oklahoma Using Two-Dimensional Video Disdrometer Data","volume":"21","author":"Bang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-13-0357.1","article-title":"The Impact of Raindrop Collisional Processes on the Polarimetric Radar Variables","volume":"71","author":"Kumjian","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3611","article-title":"Investigating the GPM Dual-frequency Precipitation Radar signatures of low-level precipitation enhancement","volume":"145","author":"Porcacchia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029454","article-title":"Precipitation Microphysics of Tropical Cyclones Over the Western North Pacific Based on GPM DPR Observations: A Preliminary Analysis","volume":"124","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-16-0164.1","article-title":"Polarimetric Signatures of Midlatitude Warm-Rain Precipitation Events","volume":"56","author":"Carr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1651\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:46:24Z","timestamp":1760136384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14071651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14071651","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]}}}