{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T02:59:32Z","timestamp":1760151572390,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key R &amp; D Program for Strategic International Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation of China","award":["2016YFE0205300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016YFE0205300"]}]},{"name":"Special Fund for High-Resolution Earth Observation System Major Project","award":["42-Y30B04-9001-19\/21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42-Y30B04-9001-19\/21"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The GF-7 satellite is China\u2019s first civil sub-meter resolution stereo mapping satellite, aiming at 1:10,000-scale mapping. To achieve this goal, apart from the stereo optical cameras that reach sub-meter resolution, the GF-7 satellite is equipped with a laser altimetry system capable of obtaining three-dimensional laser points (LPs) with high elevation accuracy. However, the combination of laser altimetry data and optical stereo images has not been thoroughly studied. In this paper, we exploit the images recorded by the highly integrated laser footprint cameras and propose a hierarchical phase correlation method based on a geographic pyramid for the registration of laser altimetry data and high-resolution optical stereo images, which lays a solid foundation for the following combined adjustment. Experiments show that the proposed registration method can automatically locate the LPs on high-resolution stereo images and meet the requirements of bundle adjustment. A series of bundle adjustment experiments were carried out, showing that laser altimetry data can significantly enhance the vertical accuracy of optical image stereo mapping and that elevation accuracy can reach roughly 1.0 m (RSME) without ground control points. Therefore, this study could be a good guide for global high-precision DSM acquisition with the GF-7 satellite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"1666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Registration and Combined Adjustment for the Laser Altimetry Data and High-Resolution Optical Stereo Images of the GF-7 Satellite"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1062-5621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"given":"Xinming","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Yucai","family":"Xue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100048, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8208-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guoyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China"}]},{"given":"Liuru","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First Topographic Surveying Brigade of Ministry of Natural Resources, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}]},{"given":"Shuaitai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land Satellite Remote Sensing Application Center, Ministry of Natural Resources, Beijing 100048, China"},{"name":"College of Mapping and Geographics, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019EA000777","DOI":"10.1029\/2019EA000777","article-title":"Overview of the GF-7 laser altimeter system mission","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Space Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1338","article-title":"Processing and preliminary accuracy validation of the GF-7 satellite laser altimetry data","volume":"50","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Technology of Bundle Adjustment Using Two-Line-Array CCD Satellite Image Combined Laser Ranging Data","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geomat. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"71","article-title":"Study on Space-borne Laser Altimeter Supported Satellite Photogrammetry","volume":"34","author":"Yue","year":"2013","journal-title":"Spacecr. Recovery Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1","article-title":"Chinese Photogrammetry Satellite without Ground Control Points(2)\u2014Technical Thinking of 1:10 000 Scale Data-transferring Photogrammetry Satellite","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Spacecr. Recovery Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L21S01","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024009","article-title":"Overview of the ICESat Mission","volume":"32","author":"Schutz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takaku, J., Tadono, T., and Tsutsui, K. (2014, January 14\u201316). Generation of high resolution global DSM from ALOS PRISM. Proceedings of the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, ISPRS Technical Commission IV Symposium, Suzhou, China.","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-4-243-2014"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1111\/phor.12138","article-title":"Research on the ZY-3 Block Adjustment Supported by the GLAS Laser Altimetry Data","volume":"31","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photogramm. Record"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"96","article-title":"Multi-criteria constraint algorithm for selecting ICESat\/GLAS data as elevation control points","volume":"21","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"359","article-title":"ICESat Laser Points Assisted Block Adjustment for Mapping Satellite-1 Stereo Imagery","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1182","article-title":"The Rigorous Geometric Model of Satellite Laser Altimeter and Preliminarily Accuracy Validation","volume":"45","author":"Tang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.84.9.569","article-title":"Integration of ZY3-02 Satellite Laser Altimetry Data and Stereo Images for High-Accuracy Mapping","volume":"84","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"599","article-title":"Refined processing of laser altimeter data-aided satellite geometry model","volume":"22","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sens."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, G., Xu, K., Jia, P., Hao, X., and Li, D. (2019). Integrating Stereo Images and Laser Altimeter Data of the ZY3-02 Satellite for Improved Earth Topographic Modeling. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11202453"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2012.06.037","article-title":"Co-registration of Chang\u2019E-1 stereo images and laser altimeter data with crossover adjustment and image sensor model refinement","volume":"50","author":"Di","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Space Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epsl.2014.01.023","article-title":"Integration of Chang\u2019E-2 imagery and LRO laser altimeter data with a combined block adjustment for precision lunar topographic modeling","volume":"391","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Zhang, B., Tang, X., Li, G., Zhou, X., Hu, L., and Dou, X. (2022). On-Orbit Geometric Calibration and Accuracy Validation for Laser Footprint Cameras of GF-7 Satellite. Remote Sens., 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14061408"},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1","article-title":"The specification of GF-7 satellite laser altimetry standard product","volume":"12","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Land Satell. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"384","article-title":"GF-7 dual-beam laser altimeter on-orbit geometric calibration and test verification","volume":"50","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Geod. Cartogr. Sin."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"1347","article-title":"A comprehensive study of the rational function model for photogrammetric processing","volume":"67","author":"Tao","year":"2001","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"68","article-title":"Design and On-orbit Validation of GF-7 Satellite Laser Altimeter","volume":"3","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Spacecr. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1023\/B:VISI.0000029664.99615.94","article-title":"Distinctive image features from scale-invariant keypoints","volume":"60","author":"Lowe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Comput. Vis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cviu.2007.09.014","article-title":"Speeded-up robust features (SURF)","volume":"110","author":"Bay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput. Vis. Image Underst."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Kuglin, C.D., and Hines, D.C. (,  1975). The Phase Correlation Image Alignment Method. In Proceeding of the IEEE International Conference on Cybernetics and Society, New York, NY, USA."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1109\/83.988953","article-title":"Extension of Phase Correlation to Subpixel Registration","volume":"11","author":"Foroosh","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1109\/TIP.2003.819861","article-title":"Image quality assessment: From error visibility to structural similarity","volume":"13","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Image Process."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Dial, G., and Grodecki, J. (2002, January 22\u201326). Block adjustment with rational polynomial camera models. Proceedings of the ACSM-ASPRS 2002, Washington, DC, USA."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.69.1.59","article-title":"Block Adjustment of High-Resolution Satellite Images Described by Rational Polynomials","volume":"69","author":"Grodecki","year":"2003","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.71.8.909","article-title":"Bias-compensated RPCs for sensor orientation of high-resolution satellite imagery","volume":"71","author":"Fraser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Huang, X., and Qin, R. (2019, January 27\u201331). Multi-View Large-Scale Bundle Adjustment Method for High-Resolution Satellite Images. Proceedings of the ASPRS 2019 Annual Conference, Denver, CO, USA."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Agarwal, S., and Mierle, K. (2021, October 10). Ceres Solver. Available online: http:\/\/ceres-solver.org."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111325","article-title":"The Ice, Cloud, and Land Elevation Satellite\u20142 mission: A global geolocated photon product derived from the Advanced Topographic Laser Altimeter System","volume":"233","author":"Neumann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8195","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2021.3051086","article-title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of the ICESat-2 ATL08 Terrain Product","volume":"59","author":"Tian","year":"2021","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"Hirschmuller, H. (2005, January 20\u201325). Accurate and efficient stereo processing by semi-global matching and mutual information. Proceedings of the 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition (CVPR\u201905), San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.14358\/PERS.21-00009R2","article-title":"A Method of Extracting High-Accuracy Elevation Control Points from ICESat-2 Altimetry Data","volume":"87","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photogramm. Eng. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"1202","article-title":"Precise Orbit Determination for the ZY-3 Satellite Mission Using GPS Receiver","volume":"34","author":"Zhao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Astronaut."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/rs70100111","article-title":"High-Precision Attitude Post-Processing and Initial Verification for the ZY-3 Satellite","volume":"7","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1666\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:46:54Z","timestamp":1760136414000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/7\/1666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14071666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14071666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]}}}