{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:01:30Z","timestamp":1760151690430,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648598400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No. 31870453 to J. Li, No. Grant No. 32001162 to C. Wu, and No. 31528004 to C. Song"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 31870453 to J. Li, No. Grant No. 32001162 to C. Wu, and No. 31528004 to C. Song"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["No. 2017YFC0505801-01 to J. Li"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 2017YFC0505801-01 to J. Li"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impervious surface area (ISA) is a key indicator of urbanization, which brings out serious adverse environmental and ecological consequences. The ISA is often estimated from remotely sensed data via spectral mixture analysis (SMA). However, accurate extraction of ISA using SMA is compromised by two major factors, endmember spectral variability and plant phenology. This study developed a novel approach that incorporates phenology with Fisher transformation into a conventional linear spectral mixture analysis (PF-LSMA) to address these challenges. Four endmembers, high albedo, low albedo, evergreen vegetation, and seasonally exposed soil (H-L-EV-SS) were identified for PF-LSMA, considering the phenological characteristic of Shanghai. Our study demonstrated that the PF-LSMA effectively reduced the within-endmember spectral signature variation and accounted for the endmember phenology effects, and thus well-discriminated impervious surface from seasonally exposed soil, enhancing the accuracy of ISA extraction. The ISA fraction map produced by PF-LSMA (RMSE = 0.1112) outperforms the single-date image Fisher transformed unmixing method (F-LSMA) (RMSE = 0.1327) and the other existing major global ISA products. The PF-LSMA was implemented on the Google Earth Engine platform and thus can be easily adapted to extract ISA in other places with similar climate conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071673","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T21:28:39Z","timestamp":1648675719000},"page":"1673","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Mapping Impervious Surface Using Phenology-Integrated and Fisher Transformed Linear Spectral Mixture Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linke","family":"Ouyang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization Processes and Ecological Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"given":"Caiyan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8452-8029","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Junxiang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Landscape Architecture, School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China"}]},{"given":"Yuhan","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization Processes and Ecological Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization Processes and Ecological Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2811-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shanghai Key Laboratory of Urbanization Processes and Ecological Restoration, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4099-4906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conghe","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6816-3082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qian","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geosciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4065-5194","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dagmar","family":"Haase","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Computational Landscape Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"United Nations (2019). 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