{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T02:41:10Z","timestamp":1773369670351,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Laboratory experiments were conducted to evaluate the feasibility of profiling and characterizing subsurface bubble plumes following a breaking wave event from an above-water Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) system. Measurements of LiDAR backscatter profiles of bubble plumes under mechanically generated breaking waves in a wave tank were collected and analyzed. After onset of wave breaking, the LiDAR backscatter increases rapidly by injected bubble plumes of active wave breaking. This intensification reaches a depth of one wave height within one wave period. After active wave breaking, the LiDAR backscatter from dissipated bubble plumes in the upper layer of water column decreases very slowly. The temporal variations of LiDAR backscatter are comparable to the collocated in-water measurements of optical backscatter at 850 nm wavelength and acoustic backscatter at 2000 kHz frequency. The decay rate of LiDAR backscatter of dissipated bubble plumes follows a power-law function consistent with decay rate of void fraction measurements in previous studies. This study demonstrates the viability and potential of using above-water LiDAR remote sensing to characterize subsurface bubble plumes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14071680","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T21:34:29Z","timestamp":1648762469000},"page":"1680","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["An Experimental Study on Measuring Breaking-Wave Bubbles with LiDAR Remote Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Sciences Division, Washington, DC 20375, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Damien","family":"Josset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Sciences Division, Washington, DC 20375, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivan","family":"Savelyev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Remote Sensing Division, Washington, DC 20375, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Anguelova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Remote Sensing Division, Washington, DC 20375, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"Cayula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Ocean Sciences Division, Washington, DC 20375, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Abelev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"155","article-title":"On the clouds of bubbles formed by breaking wind-waves in deep water, and their role in air-sea gas transfer","volume":"304","author":"Thorpe","year":"1982","journal-title":"Philos. 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