{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,27]],"date-time":"2026-07-27T14:55:47Z","timestamp":1785164147546,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649289600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no. 42041005-4; no. 41806108"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 42041005-4; no. 41806108"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["no. 2017YFE0133500; no. 2016YFA0600903"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. 2017YFE0133500; no. 2016YFA0600903"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research","award":["no. SKLEC-KF202002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["no. SKLEC-KF202002"]}]},{"name":"Open Research Fund of State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth's Dynamics from Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology","award":["SKLGED2021-5-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SKLGED2021-5-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tidal flats are one of the most productive ecosystems on Earth, providing essential ecological and economical services. Because of the increasing anthropogenic interruption and sea level rise, tidal flats are under great threat. However, updated and large-scale accurate tidal flat maps around the Bohai and Yellow Seas are still relatively rare, hindering the assessment and management of tidal flats. Based on time-series Sentinel-2 imagery and Google Earth Engine (GEE), we proposed a new method for tidal flat mapping with the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) extremum composite around the Bohai and Yellow Seas. Tidal flats were derived from the differences of maximum and minimum water extent composites. Overall, 3477 images acquired from 1 Oct 2020 to 31 Oct 2021 produced a tidal flat map around the Bohai and Yellow Seas with an overall accuracy of 94.55% and total area of 546,360.2 ha. The resultant tidal flat map at 10 m resolution, currently one of the most updated products around the Bohai and Yellow Seas, could facilitate the process of sustainable policy making related to tidal flats and will help reveal the processes and mechanisms of its responses to natural and human disturbance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]],"date-time":"2022-04-07T21:08:22Z","timestamp":1649365702000},"page":"1789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Mapping Tidal Flats of the Bohai and Yellow Seas Using Time Series Sentinel-2 Images and Google Earth Engine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Maoxiang","family":"Chang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Zone, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0707-4999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Zone, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Geodesy and Earth\u2019s Dynamics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenhong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Zone, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"College of Geological Engineering and Geomatics, Chang\u2019an University, Xi\u2019an 710054, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6409-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Houjie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Submarine Geosciences and Prospecting Technology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Estuarine and Coastal Zone, College of Marine Geosciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China"},{"name":"Laboratory of Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-018-0805-8","article-title":"The global distribution and trajectory of tidal flats","volume":"565","author":"Murray","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, K., Dong, X., Liu, Z., Gao, W., Hu, Z., and Wu, G. 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