{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:05:31Z","timestamp":1787029531982,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000192","name":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1332KP19FNEEN0003; NA20NES4320003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1332KP19FNEEN0003; NA20NES4320003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Arctic sea ice characteristics have been changing rapidly and significantly in the last few decades. Using a long-term time series of sea ice products from satellite observations\u2014the extended AVHRR Polar Pathfinder (APP-x)\u2014trends in sea ice concentration, ice extent, ice thickness, and ice volume in the Arctic from 1982 to 2020 are investigated. Results show that the Arctic has become less ice-covered in all seasons, especially in summer and autumn. Arctic sea ice thickness has been decreasing at a rate of \u22123.24 cm per year, resulting in an approximate 52% reduction in thickness from 2.35 m in 1982 to 1.13 m in 2020. Arctic sea ice volume has been decreasing at a rate of \u2212467.7 km3 per year, resulting in an approximate 63% reduction in volume, from 27,590.4 km3 in 1982 to 10,305.5 km3 in 2020. These trends are further examined from a new perspective, where the Arctic Ocean is classified into open water, perennial, and seasonal sea ice-covered areas based on sea ice persistence. The loss of the perennial sea ice-covered area is a major factor in the total sea ice loss in all seasons. If the current rates of sea ice changes in extent, concentration, and thickness continue, the Arctic is expected to have ice-free summers by the early 2060s.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081846","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:48:45Z","timestamp":1649803725000},"page":"1846","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["A New Perspective on Four Decades of Changes in Arctic Sea Ice from Satellite Observations"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xuanji","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4648-2722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yinghui","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NOAA\/NESDIS, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Key","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Satellite Applications and Research, NOAA\/NESDIS, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard","family":"Dworak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1007\/s13280-011-0211-z","article-title":"Ongoing Climate Change in the Arctic","volume":"40","author":"Walsh","year":"2012","journal-title":"AMBIO"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-020-0860-7","article-title":"Past perspectives on the present era of abrupt Arctic climate change","volume":"10","author":"Jansen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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