{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T11:02:30Z","timestamp":1768734150733,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649721600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2142212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2142212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cloud liquid water (CLW) and total precipitable water (TPW) are two important parameters for weather and climate applications. Typically, microwave temperature sounding instruments onboard satellites are designed with two low-frequency channels at 23.8 and 31.4 GHz and can be used for retrieving CLW and TPW over global oceans. Since MWTS-III polarization at above two frequencies is uncertain, we must first determine their polarization involved in retrieval algorithms. Through radiative transfer simulation, we found that uses of the quasi-horizontal polarization for MWTS-III can produce smaller biases between observations and simulations and the scan-angle dependence of the biases is also in a general frown pattern, which is similar to ATMS pitch-maneuver observations. After the characterization of MWTS-III polarization, CLW and TPW are derived from Microwave Temperature Sounder (MWTS-III) and are compared with those from ATMS. It is found that CLW and TPW derived from two instruments exhibit a high consistency in terms of their spatial distributions and magnitudes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081853","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]],"date-time":"2022-04-12T22:48:45Z","timestamp":1649803725000},"page":"1853","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Assessments of Cloud Liquid Water and Total Precipitable Water Derived from FY-3E MWTS-III and NOAA-20 ATMS"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5071-7366","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Changjiao","family":"Dong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fuzhong","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9158-4328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jun","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CMA Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre (CEMC), China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"895","article-title":"Cloud-radiation feedback to climate","volume":"106","author":"Paltridge","year":"1980","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-3243.1","article-title":"Cloud Feedbacks in the Climate System: A Critical Review","volume":"18","author":"Stephens","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1175\/JAMC-D-18-0095.1","article-title":"Analyzing of Cloud Macroscopic Characteristics in the Shigatse Area of the Tibetan Plateau Using the Total-Sky Images","volume":"57","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2021.105799","article-title":"Retrieval of cloud liquid water path using radiosonde measurements: Comparison with MODIS and ERA5","volume":"227","author":"Nandan","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-587-2016","article-title":"A total sky cloud detection method using real clear sky background","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2017.07.021","article-title":"Evaluation of radiosonde, MODIS-NIR-Clear, and AERONET precipitable water vapor using IGS ground-based GPS measurements over China","volume":"197","author":"Gui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1485","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-13-1485-2020","article-title":"Ground-based observations of cloud and drizzle liquid water path in stratocumulus clouds","volume":"13","author":"Cadeddu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"012026","DOI":"10.1088\/1742-6596\/1632\/1\/012026","article-title":"Ground-based Microwave Radiometry for measurements of Atmospheric Water Vapour and Cloud Liquid Water Contents","volume":"1632","author":"Karavaev","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Phys. Conf. Ser."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1002\/met.1417","article-title":"Cloud cover, cloud liquid water and cloud attenuation at Ka and V bands over equatorial climate","volume":"21","author":"Omotosho","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2017.01.028","article-title":"A total precipitable water retrieval method over land using the combination of passive microwave and optical remote sensing","volume":"191","author":"Ji","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote. Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Njoku, E.G. (2014). Cloud Liquid Water. Encyclopedia of Remote Sensing, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-36699-9"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weng, F. (2017). Remote Sensing of Clouds from Microwave Sounding Instruments. Passive Microwave Remote Sensing of the Earth: For Meteorological Applications, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1002\/9783527336289"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1109\/TAP.1976.1141324","article-title":"Remote sensing of atmospheric water content from satellites using microwave radiometry","volume":"24","author":"Grody","year":"1976","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"817","article-title":"Determination of cloud liquid water content using the SSM\/I","volume":"28","author":"Alishouse","year":"1990","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0891:AEYTSO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Eight-Year (1987\u20131994) Time Series of Rainfall, Clouds, Water Vapor, Snow Cover, and Sea Ice Derived from SSM\/I Measurements","volume":"77","author":"Ferraro","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18471","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00339","article-title":"A physical retrieval of cloud liquid water over the global oceans using special sensor microwave\/imager (SSM\/I) observations","volume":"98","author":"Greenwald","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.3803","article-title":"The ERA5 global reanalysis","volume":"146","author":"Hersbach","year":"2020","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"03007","DOI":"10.1051\/itmconf\/20171203007","article-title":"Retrieval of Cloud Water Variables by 1D-Var Algorithm","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2017","journal-title":"ITM Web Conf."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2025","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1995)008<2025:ASOSDC>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Study of SSM\/I-Derived Columnar Water Vapor over the Global Oceans","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1109\/36.536538","article-title":"A simplified scheme for obtaining precipitation and vertical hydrometeor profiles from passive microwave sensors","volume":"34","author":"Kummerow","year":"1996","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2017.06.002","article-title":"Determination of effective droplet radius and optical depth of liquid water clouds over a tropical site in northern Thailand using passive microwave soundings, aircraft measurements and spectral irradiance data","volume":"161","author":"Nimnuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sol.-Terr. Phys."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1763","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1996)035<1763:AMFCPM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Method for Combined Passive\u2013Active Microwave Retrievals of Cloud and Precipitation Profiles","volume":"35","author":"Olson","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25535","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD02304","article-title":"Retrieval of cloud liquid water using the special sensor microwave imager (SSM\/I)","volume":"99","author":"Weng","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1997)010<1086:CLWCFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Cloud Liquid Water Climatology from the Special Sensor Microwave\/Imager","volume":"10","author":"Weng","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8068","DOI":"10.1029\/2002RS002679","article-title":"Advanced microwave sounding unit cloud and precipitation algorithms","volume":"38","author":"Weng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Radio Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abbasi, B., Qin, Z., Du, W., Fan, J., Zhao, C., Hang, Q., Zhao, S., and Li, S. (2020). An Algorithm to Retrieve Total Precipitable Water Vapor in the Atmosphere from FengYun 3D Medium Resolution Spectral Imager 2 (FY-3D MERSI-2) Data. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12213469"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guan, J.P., Yin, Y.T., Zhang, L.F., Wang, J.N., and Zhang, M.Y. (2019). Comparison Analysis of Total Precipitable Water of Satellite-Borne Microwave Radiometer Retrievals and Island Radiosondes. Atmosphere, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos10070390"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"D00H34","article-title":"Occurrence, liquid water content, and fraction of supercooled water clouds from combined CALIOP\/IIR\/MODIS measurements","volume":"115","author":"Hu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-5-1683-2012","article-title":"Satellite retrieval of the liquid water fraction in tropical clouds between \u221220 and \u221238 \u00b0C","volume":"5","author":"Mitchell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Meas. Tech."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-017-7012-7","article-title":"Liquid Water Path Retrieval Using the Lowest Frequency Channels of Fengyun-3C Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI)","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Meteor. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2943","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900616","article-title":"Determination of precipitable water and cloud liquid water over oceans from the NOAA 15 advanced microwave sounding unit","volume":"106","author":"Grody","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12970","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JD020325","article-title":"Evaluation and assimilation of ATMS data in the ECMWF system","volume":"118","author":"Bormann","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/956920","article-title":"An Assessment of Data from the Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder at the Met Office","volume":"2015","author":"Doherty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Adv. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lin, L., and Zou, X. (2020). Diurnal Variation in Cloud Liquid Water Path Derived from Five Cross-Track Microwave Radiometers Onboard Polar-Orbiting Satellites. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12142177"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qu, J., Gao, W., Kafatos, M., and Murphy, R. (2006). Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder. Earth Science Satellite Remote Sensing, Springer. [2nd ed.].","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-37294-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-021-1304-7","article-title":"FY-3E: The First Operational Meteorological Satellite Mission in an Early Morning Orbit","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2012.2223193","article-title":"On Convertibility from Antenna to Sensor Brightness Temperature for ATMS","volume":"10","author":"Weng","year":"2013","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote. Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","first-page":"4479","article-title":"Estimation of ATMS Antenna Emission from Cold Space Observations","volume":"54","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Electron."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-019-9170-2","article-title":"Advanced Radiative Transfer Modeling System (ARMS): A New-Generation Satellite Observation Operator Developed for Numerical Weather Prediction and Remote Sensing Applications","volume":"37","author":"Weng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1853\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:52:40Z","timestamp":1760136760000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1853"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14081853"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14081853","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,12]]}}}