{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T04:46:29Z","timestamp":1764996389960,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"the National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071329"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071329"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"the National Key R&amp;D Program of China","award":["2019YFE0115200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFE0115200"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Currently, analyses related the status of soybeans, a major oil crop, as well as the related climate drivers, are based on on-site data and are generally focused on a particular country or region. This study used remote sensing, meteorological, and statistical data products to analyze spatiotemporal variations at the end of the growing season (EOS) for soybeans in the world\u2019s major soybean-growing areas. The ridge regression estimation model calculates the average annual temperature, precipitation, and total radiation contributions to phenological changes. A systematic analysis of the spatiotemporal changes in the EOS and the associated climate drivers since the beginning of the 21st century shows the following: (1) in India, soybean EOS is later than in China and the United States. The main soybean-growing areas in the southern hemisphere are concentrated in South America, where two crops are planted yearly. (2) In most of the world\u2019s soybean-growing regions, the rate change of the EOS is \u00b12 days\/year. In the Mississippi River Valley, India, and South America (the first quarter), the soybean EOS is generally occurring earlier, whereas, in northeast China, it is generally occurring later. (3) The relative contributions of different meteorological factors to the soybean EOS vary between soybean-growing areas; there are also differences within the individual areas. This study provides a solid foundation for understanding the spatiotemporal changes in soybean crops in the world\u2019s major soybean-growing areas and spatiotemporal variations in the effects of climate change on soybean EOS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081867","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T23:07:16Z","timestamp":1649891236000},"page":"1867","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Soybean EOS Spatiotemporal Characteristics and Their Climate Drivers in Global Major Regions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Zihang","family":"Lou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dailiang","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing 100094, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8456-0547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoyang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, Department of Geography & Geospatial Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3115-2042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Le","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fumin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Hydrology and Water Resources, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou 310058, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5384-4624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuhao","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shijun","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinkang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"College of Resource and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Songlin","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, China"},{"name":"School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic and Information Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis & Application, Anhui University, Hefei 230093, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0380-1738","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengwei","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Surveying and Land Information Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Gale, F., Valdes, C., and Ash, M. 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