{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T21:17:16Z","timestamp":1768339036730,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649808000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42088101, 41975048"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42088101, 41975048"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004608","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BK20210660, BK20191404"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BK20210660, BK20191404"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004608","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Tropical Oceanography","award":["LTO2116"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LTO2116"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Taking the stratospheric sudden warming (SSW) event in February 2018 as an example, the relationship between the SSW event and the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) mode over mid-high-latitude Eurasia is investigated by daily reanalysis data. First, the 2018 SSW event and mid-high-latitude ISO are reviewed. The 2018 SSW event is a typical vortex-split event defined by the NCEP-DOE dataset, and the ISO mode features a southeastward propagation. Along with the ISO propagation, temperature anomalies developed from troposphere to stratosphere in the 2018 wintertime. It is also found that a strong ISO event occurred before the onset of SSW in this wintertime. Our analysis reveals that the correlation is significant when mid-high-latitude ISO leads the 2018 SSW event by 9\u201313 days. Occurrence of strong ISO 9\u201313 days before the SSW event is found to be conducive to its onset. The diagnosis of planetary wave activity indicates that stronger ISO leads to strengthened wavenumber-2 geopotential height anomalies; then, its in-phase superposition of climatological geopotential height makes up for the upward-propagating tropospheric planetary waves, which is in favor of the onset of the 2018 SSW event. The outcome of energy conversion equations also reveals that ISO perturbation contributes to the onset of SSW. Lastly, the contribution of the vertical component of Plumb wave activity flux propagated upward from the region of mid-high-latitude ISO is estimated at approximately 69%.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081873","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]],"date-time":"2022-04-13T23:07:16Z","timestamp":1649891236000},"page":"1873","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Relationship between the Intraseasonal Oscillation over Mid-High-Latitude Eurasia and the Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event in February 2018"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linjie","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Shuangyan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9099-8331","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinggao","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME)\/Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environmental Change (ILCEC)\/Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"International Pacific Research Center, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3996.1","article-title":"A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part I: Climatology and Modeling Benchmarks","volume":"20","author":"Charlton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1913","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00173.1","article-title":"Defining Sudden Stratospheric Warmings","volume":"96","author":"Butler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"51","article-title":"Die explosionartigen stratospharenwarmungen des spatwinters 1951\u20131952","volume":"6","author":"Scherhag","year":"1952","journal-title":"Ber. Deut. Wetterd."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<2584:TLCOTN>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Life Cycle of the Northern Hemisphere Sudden Stratospheric Warmings","volume":"17","author":"Limpasuvan","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<1479:ADMOTS>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A Dynamical Model of the Stratospheric Sudden Warming","volume":"28","author":"Matsuno","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI3994.1","article-title":"A New Look at Stratospheric Sudden Warmings. Part II: Evaluation of Numerical Model Simulations","volume":"20","author":"Charlton","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11155","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD030826","article-title":"The 2019 New Year Stratospheric Sudden Warming and Its Real-Time Predictions in Multiple S2S Models","volume":"124","author":"Rao","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"D19112","article-title":"Effects of the El Ni\u00f1o-Southern Oscillation and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on polar tem-peratures in the stratosphere","volume":"112","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3340-z","article-title":"Lessened response of boreal winter stratospheric polar vortex to El Ni\u00f1o in recent decades","volume":"49","author":"Hu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-16-0277.1","article-title":"Distinguishing Stratospheric Sudden Warmings from ENSO as Key Drivers of Wintertime Climate Variability over the North Atlantic and Eurasia","volume":"30","author":"Polvani","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-016-6184-x","article-title":"Decadal variation of the impact of La Ni\u00f1a on the winter Arctic stratosphere","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088894","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088894","article-title":"Modulation by ENSO of the Relationship Between Stratospheric Sudden Warming and the Madden-Julian Oscillation","volume":"47","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019gl086444","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL086444","article-title":"Dependence of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings on Internal and External Drivers","volume":"47","author":"Salminen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1971)028<0702:DOADOI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Detection of a 40\u201350 day oscillation in the zonal wind in the Tropical Pacific","volume":"28","author":"Madden","year":"1971","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2012gl053144","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL053144","article-title":"Observed connection between stratospheric sudden warmings and the Madden\u2013Julian Oscillation","volume":"39","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6055","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL061094","article-title":"Impact of the MJO on the boreal winter extratropical circulation","volume":"41","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2004)132<1917:AARMMI>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An all-season real-time multivariate MJO index: Development of an index for monitoring and prediction","volume":"13","author":"Wheeler","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mon. Weather. Rev."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5031","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-17-0476.1","article-title":"Effect of Madden\u2013Julian Oscillation Occurrence Frequency on the Interannual Variability of Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Wave Activity in Winter","volume":"31","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1983)040<1584:TLHSOD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Latitude-Height Structure of 40\u201350 Day Variations in Atmospheric Angular Momentum","volume":"40","author":"Anderson","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"121","article-title":"Propagation of low-frequency oscillation over Eurasian mid-high latitude in winter and its association with the Eurasian teleconnection pattern","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chin. J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-015-2956-8","article-title":"Intraseasonal variability of air temperature over the mid-high latitude Eurasia in boreal winter","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.5080","article-title":"The role of intraseasonal variability at mid-high latitudes in regulating Pacific blockings during boreal winter","volume":"37","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"104","article-title":"The role of intraseasonal oscillation at mid-high latitudes in regulating the formation and maintenance of Okhotsk blocking in boreal summer","volume":"43","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5335","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1725.1","article-title":"Stratosphere\u2014Troposphere Coupling and Links with Eurasian Land Surface Variability","volume":"20","author":"Cohen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6562","DOI":"10.1175\/2011JCLI4160.1","article-title":"Tropospheric Precursors and Stratospheric Warmings","volume":"24","author":"Cohen","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-83-11-1631","article-title":"NCEP-DOE AMIP-II reanalysis (r-2)","volume":"83","author":"Kanamitsu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull Amer. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<0437:TNYRP>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The NCEP\/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project","volume":"77","author":"Kalnay","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteor. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3219","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-11-00232.1","article-title":"The influence of the MJO on upstream precursors to African easterly waves","volume":"25","author":"Alaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-021-05725-9","article-title":"How well do the S2S models predict intraseasonal wintertime surface air temperature over mid-high-latitude Eurasia?","volume":"57","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3282","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JCLI3010.1","article-title":"Tropospheric Precursors of Anomalous Northern Hemisphere Stratospheric Polar Vortices","volume":"23","author":"Garfinkel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3663","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<3663:TTDSOB>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Three-Dimensional Structure of Breaking Rossby Waves in the Polar Wintertime Stratosphere","volume":"57","author":"Polvani","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2600","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<2600:EPCSFT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Eliassen-Palm Cross Sections for the Troposphere","volume":"37","author":"Edmon","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"267","article-title":"The E-P flux calculation in spherical coordinates and its application","volume":"38","author":"Shi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1985)042<0217:OTTDPO>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"On the three-dimensional propagation of stationary waves","volume":"42","author":"Plumb","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1549","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-16-0065.1","article-title":"Modulating Effects of Planetary Wave 3 on a Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event in 2005","volume":"74","author":"Shi","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"9267","article-title":"Wave Trains of 10\u201330-Day Meridional Wind Variations over the North Pacific during Summer","volume":"34","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018jd028908","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028908","article-title":"The Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event in February 2018 and its Prediction by a Climate System Model","volume":"123","author":"Rao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.26464\/epp2020044","article-title":"Comparison of stratospheric evolution during the major sudden stratospheric warming events in 2018 and 2019","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Planet. Phys."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.5194\/wcd-1-657-2020","article-title":"Mechanisms and predictability of sudden stratospheric warming in winter 2018","volume":"1","author":"Statnaia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Weather Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2018gl081091","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL081091","article-title":"Predicting Sudden Stratospheric Warming 2018 and Its Climate Impacts with a Multimodel Ensemble","volume":"45","author":"Karpechko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"169","article-title":"Tropospheric forcings and stratospheric sudden warmings","volume":"39","author":"Hu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, J., Hu, J., Xu, H., Liu, S., and He, H. (2020). Dynamic Diagnosis of Stratospheric Sudden Warming Event in the Boreal Winter of 2018 and Its Possible Impact on Weather over North America. Atmosphere, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos11050438"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12599","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD021876","article-title":"Northern Hemisphere mid-winter vor-tex-displacement and vortex-split stratospheric sudden warmings: Influence of the Madden-Julian Oscillation and Qua-si-Biennial Oscillation","volume":"119","author":"Liu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-010-0919-7","article-title":"Observed and simulated precursors of stratospheric polar vortex anomalies in the Northern Hemisphere","volume":"37","author":"Kolstad","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2009gl038776","DOI":"10.1029\/2009GL038776","article-title":"Blocking precursors to stratospheric sudden warming events","volume":"36","author":"Martius","year":"2009","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5460","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082097","article-title":"Ural Blocking as a Driver of Early-Winter Stratospheric Warmings","volume":"46","author":"Peings","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0053.1","article-title":"The Downward Influence of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings: Association with Tropospheric Precursors","volume":"32","author":"White","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3548","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2004)017<3548:UWAFAA>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Upward wave activity flux as a precursor to extreme stratospheric events and sub-sequent anomalous surface weather regimes","volume":"17","author":"Polvani","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020JD033881","DOI":"10.1029\/2020JD033881","article-title":"Tracking the stratosphere-to-surface impact of Sudden Stratospheric Warmings","volume":"126","author":"Hall","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-21-0495.1","article-title":"An Intraseasonal Mode Linking Wintertime Surface Air Temperature over Arctic and Eurasian Continent","volume":"35","author":"Xiu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-022-1069-7","article-title":"Suolangtajie Energetics of Boreal Wintertime Blocking Highs around the Ural Mountains","volume":"36","author":"Shi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1873\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:53:25Z","timestamp":1760136805000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1873"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14081873"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14081873","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,13]]}}}