{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T21:17:03Z","timestamp":1784755023668,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"International Cooperation program of Chinese Academy of Sciences","award":["131965KYSB20210045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["131965KYSB20210045"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Land use\/cover change has become an indispensable part of global eco-environmental change research. The Tarim River Basin is the largest inland river basin in China. It is also one of the most ecologically fragile areas in the country, with greening and desertification processes coexisting. This paper analyzes the evolution of land-use\/cover change in the Tarim River Basin over the past 30 years based on remote sensing data. The research also explores the contribution of conversion between different land types to the ecological environment by selecting methods, such as transfer matrix and ecological contribution rate. Results indicate that grassland and barren land are the main land types in the region, accounting for 72.46% and 18.87% of the basin area, respectively. From 1990 to 2019, cropland area increased from 33,585.89 km2 to 52,436.40 km2, an increase of 56.13%, while barren land areas decreased from 781,380.57 km2 to 760,783.29 km2. Most of the land-use conversion was grassland to other land types and other land types to barren land. Since 1990, the conversion of barren land to grassland and cropland in the basin has led to ecological improvement, whereas the conversion of grassland to cropland has caused deterioration, but with a generally improving trend. It is anticipated that, over the next decade, changes in land types will involve increases in grassland and woodland area, decreases in barren land and cropland, and an overall improvement in the ecological environment in the watershed. Since agriculture and animal husbandry are the main industries in the Tarim River Basin and the land-use structure is dominated by cropland and grassland, several key measures should be implemented. These include improving land use, rationalizing the use of water and soil resources, slowing down the expansion of cropland, and alleviating the contradiction between humans and land, with the ultimate aim of achieving sustainable development of the social economy and ecological environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081894","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1894","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Ecological Impacts of Land Use Change in the Arid Tarim River Basin of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yifeng","family":"Hou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaning","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianli","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geographical Sciences, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yupeng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8586-1795","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Desert and Oasis Ecology, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107933","article-title":"Analyzing ecological environment change and associated driving factors in China based on NDVI time series data","volume":"129","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.10.339","article-title":"Exploring variability in environmental impact risk from human activities across aquatic ecosystems","volume":"652","author":"Borgwardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.133928","article-title":"Ecological environment assessment based on land use simulation: A case study in the Heihe River Basin","volume":"697","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.01.011","article-title":"The use of multiple biological traits in marine community ecology and its potential in ecological indicator development","volume":"76","author":"Beauchard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2019.105651","article-title":"Assessment of eco-geo-environment quality using multivariate data: A case study in a coal mining area of Western China","volume":"107","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S2095-6339(15)30001-0","article-title":"Linking landforms and land use to land degradation in the Middle River Njoro Watershed","volume":"2","author":"Mainuri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. Soil Water Conserv. Res."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"1172","article-title":"A review on the impact of land use\/land cover change on ecosystem services from a spatial scale perspective","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nat. Resour."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolmodel.2017.09.012","article-title":"Understanding changes in a Tropical Delta: A multi-method narrative of landuse\/landcover change in the Niger Delta","volume":"364","author":"Ayanlade","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Model."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.140570","article-title":"Impacts of land use and land cover changes on regional climate in the Lhasa River basin, Tibetan Plateau","volume":"742","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2016.02.024","article-title":"Space-time process and drivers of land abandonment in Europe","volume":"149","author":"Lasanta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landurbplan.2017.09.019","article-title":"A future land use simulation model (FLUS) for simulating multiple land use scenarios by coupling human and natural effects","volume":"168","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landsc. Urban Plan."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hu, C., Zhang, L., Wu, Q., Soomro, S.E., and Jian, S. (2020). Response of LUCC on Runoff Generation Process in Middle Yellow River Basin: The Gushanchuan Basin. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12051237"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3405","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.13298","article-title":"Land-use change affects water recycling in Brazil\u2019s last agricultural frontier. Glob","volume":"22","author":"Spera","year":"2016","journal-title":"Chang. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.107967","article-title":"Evolution of habitat quality and association with land-use changes in mountainous areas: A case study of the Taihang Mountains in Hebei Province, China","volume":"129","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2020.123264","article-title":"Response of multiple mountain ecosystem services on environmental gradients: How to respond, and where should be priority conservation?","volume":"278","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2013","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-02142-7","article-title":"An assessment of the global impact of 21st century land use change on soil erosion","volume":"8","author":"Borrelli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2019.05.032","article-title":"Spatio-temporal changes in ecosystem service value in response to land-use\/cover changes in the Pearl River Delta. Resour","volume":"149","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Conserv. Recycl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3393","DOI":"10.1007\/s10653-020-00583-6","article-title":"Ecological security and health risk assessment of soil heavy metals on a village-level scale, based on different land use types","volume":"42","author":"Tian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Geochem. Health"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pce.2017.03.003","article-title":"Optimization of land-use management for ecosystem service improvement: A review","volume":"101","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Phys. Chem. Earth"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, Y., Bai, Z., and Hui, J. (2021). Landscape Ecological Risk Assessment Based on LUCC-A Case Study of Chaoyang County, China. Forests, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/f12091157"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2017.05.040","article-title":"Ecological and environmental effects of land use change in rapid urbanization: The case of hangzhou, China","volume":"81","author":"Du","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1016\/j.habitatint.2014.10.011","article-title":"Effects of land use transitions due to rapid urbanization on ecosystem services: Implications for urban planning in the new developing area of China","volume":"44","author":"Long","year":"2014","journal-title":"Habitat Int."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1156","article-title":"Study on Water System Connectivity and Ecological Protection Countermeasures of Tarim River Basin in Xinjiang","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Chin. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.07.038","article-title":"Spatiotemporal changes of land use\/cover from 1995 to 2015 in an oasis in the middle reaches of the Keriya River, southern Tarim Basin, Northwest China","volume":"171","author":"Muyibul","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1506","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.2020.071","article-title":"Groundwater recharge in the oasis-desert areas of northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hydrol. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7098","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD028423","article-title":"How Hydrologic Processes Differ Spatially in a Large Basin: Multisite and Multiobjective Modeling in the Tarim River Basin","volume":"123","author":"Fang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2008.11.011","article-title":"Fifty-year climate change and its effect on annual runoff in the Tarim River Basin, China","volume":"208","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2011.01.039","article-title":"Desiccation of the Tarim River, Xinjiang, China, and mitigation strategy","volume":"244","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170075","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.75","article-title":"A global dataset of crowdsourced land cover and land use reference data","volume":"4","author":"Fritz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4795","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2014.930202","article-title":"Towards a common validation sample set for global land-cover mapping","volume":"35","author":"Zhao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3907","DOI":"10.5194\/essd-13-3907-2021","article-title":"The 30 m annual land cover dataset and its dynamics in China from 1990 to 2019","volume":"13","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4407","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2011.552923","article-title":"Death to Kappa: Birth of quantity disagreement and allocation disagreement for accuracy assessment","volume":"32","author":"Pontius","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(01)00199-2","article-title":"Predicting land-use change","volume":"85","author":"Veldkamp","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0198-9715(01)00015-1","article-title":"Using neural networks and GIS to forecast land use changes: A Land Transformation Model. Computers","volume":"26","author":"Bcp","year":"2002","journal-title":"Environ. Urban Syst."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2021.108113","article-title":"How urban sprawl influences eco-environmental quality: Empirical research in China by using the Spatial Durbin model","volume":"131","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021882015299","article-title":"A holistic approach towards assessment of severity of land degradation along the Great Wall in Northern Shaanxi Province, China","volume":"82","author":"Liu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"29","article-title":"Urban sprawl: Metrics, dynamics and modelling using GIS","volume":"5","author":"Sudhira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Appl. Earth Obs. Geoinf."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633020","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2021.633020","article-title":"Temporal and Spatial Variations in NDVI and Analysis of the Driving Factors in the Desertified Areas of Northern China from 1998 to 2015","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2014.10.010","article-title":"Land-use conversion and its attribution in the Kaidu-Kongqi River Basin, China","volume":"380","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.6200","article-title":"Regional climate change and its effects on river runoff in the Tarim Basin, China","volume":"20","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/s40333-019-0050-5","article-title":"Hydrological and water cycle processes of inland river basins in the arid region of Northwest China","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Arid Land."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, F., Wang, Y., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Qin, J., and Kayumba, P.M. (2021). Historic and Simulated Desert-Oasis Ecotone Changes in the Arid Tarim River Basin, China. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13040647"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"362","article-title":"Spatial and Temporal Variations of Temperature and Precipitation in the Arid Region of Northwest China from 1960\u20132010","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fresenius Environ. Bull."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-016-5925-6","article-title":"Drought promoted the disappearance of civilizations along the ancient Silk Road","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.08.321","article-title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of ecological vulnerability and management in the Tarim River Basin, China","volume":"649","author":"Xue","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2018.08.123","article-title":"Goaf water storage and utilization in arid regions of northwest China: A case study of Shennan coal mine district","volume":"202","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clean Prod."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, Z., Xu, Y., Sun, Y., Wu, M., and Zhao, B. (2020). Urbanization-Driven Changes in Land-Climate Dynamics: A Case Study of Haihe River Basin, China. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12172701"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14246","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.14246","article-title":"Soil moisture influenced the variability of air temperature and oasis effect in a large inland basin of an arid region","volume":"35","author":"Hao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hydrol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146716","article-title":"Future land-use changes and its impacts on terrestrial ecosystem services: A review","volume":"781","author":"Gomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1894\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:14Z","timestamp":1760136854000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1894"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14081894"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14081894","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}