{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T03:19:01Z","timestamp":1779160741241,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2142208"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2142208"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41975016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975016"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41705075"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41705075"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Science Fund for Creative Research Groups of Gansu Province","award":["20JR5RA121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR5RA121"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Bowen ratio (\u03b2) comprehensively reflects physical characteristics of the land-surface climate. In this study, eddy covariance systems installed at Dingxi and Qingyang were used to conduct energy distribution measurements and observations characteristic of semi-arid and semi-humid farmland ecosystems on the China Loess Plateau. We studied mechanisms by which eco-environmental factors influence \u03b2. Additionally, we investigated responses of physiological and ecological factors to water and heat exchange under seasonally dry and wet conditions within each farmland ecosystem. Our results showed that sensible heat flux in the semi-arid farmland was the main consumer of available energy. In the semi-humid area, latent heat flux in summer had the dominant role in energy distribution (mean \u03b2 0.71). The \u03b2 in the semi-arid region was 1.5 times higher than that in the semi-humid region during the growing season. \u03b2 increased with an increase in the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) and ground\u2013air temperature difference (Ts \u2212 Ta), and decreased significantly with an increase in effective precipitation and soil moisture. The change in \u03b2 with environmental factors was more clear-cut in semi-arid areas than in semi-humid areas. The Priestley\u2013Taylor coefficient (\u03b1) and \u03b2 satisfied a power function law in the growing season. There was a strong correlation between them, with the coefficients of determination for semi-humid and semi-arid areas being 0.62 and 0.72, respectively. \u03b2 decreased with an increase in the normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI), with this phenomenon being more obvious in the semi-humid zone (R2 = 0.40). \u03b2 responded more rapidly to NDVI in the semi-arid area than in the semi-humid area. There was a negative exponential relationship between canopy stomatal conductance (Gs) and \u03b2, which displayed a stronger declining trend with the increase in Gs in the semi-arid area than in the semi-humid area. This study provides an important reference for the determination of land-surface characteristics of semi-arid and semi-humid farmland ecosystems on the Loess Plateau and for improving parameterization of land-surface processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081897","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Environmental and Biophysical Effects of the Bowen Ratio over Typical Farmland Ecosystems in the Loess Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xueyuan","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Deserter of Gansu Province, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Deserter of Gansu Province, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinhu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lanzhou Regional Climate Center, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Deserter of Gansu Province, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(97)00009-9","article-title":"Validation of a model of actual evapotranspiration for water stressed soybeans","volume":"86","author":"Rana","year":"1997","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, K.B., Baldocchi, D.D., Aubinet, M., Berbigier, P., Bernhofer, C., Dolman, H., Falge, E., Field, C., Goldstein, A., and Granier, A. (2002). Energy partitioning between latent and sensible heat flux during the warm season at FLUXNET sites. Water Res. Res., 38.","DOI":"10.1029\/2001WR000989"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2009.06.009","article-title":"Energy balance and partition in Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystems with different land use types","volume":"149","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2014.12.008","article-title":"Patterns of energy exchange for tropical ecosystems across a climate gradient in Mato Grosso, Brazil","volume":"202","author":"Biudes","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agricu. For. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1111\/1752-1688.12538","article-title":"A Hydrologic Drying Bias in Water-Resource Impact Analyses of Anthropogenic Climate Change","volume":"53","author":"Milly","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.9747","article-title":"Analyses of the impact of climate change on water resources components, drought and wheat yield in semiarid regions: Karkheh River Basin in Iran","volume":"28","author":"Mousavi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hydrol. Process."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1007\/s11269-015-1185-6","article-title":"Impact of human intervention and climate change on natural flow regime","volume":"30","author":"Mittal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Water Resour. Manag."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lama, G.F.C., Sadeghifar, T., Azad, M.T., Sihag, P., and Kisi, O. (2022). On the Indirect Estimation of Wind Wave Heights over the Southern Coasts of Caspian Sea: A Comparative Analysis. Water, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/w14060843"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11600-019-00252-y","article-title":"Effect of water\u2013air heat transfer on the spread of thermal pollution in rivers","volume":"67","author":"Kalinowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Geophys."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.12.034","article-title":"Impact of land use changes on flash flood prediction using a sub-daily SWAT model in five Mediterranean ungauged watersheds (SE Spain)","volume":"657","author":"Pla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yuan, G.H., Zhang, L., Liang, J.N., Cao, X.J., Liu, H., and Yang, Z.H. (2017). Understanding the partitioning of the available energy over the semi-arid areas of the Loess Plateau, China. Atmosphere, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos8050087"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2018.10.032","article-title":"Assessment on surface energy imbalance and energy partitioning using ground and satellite data over a semi-arid agricultural region in north China","volume":"213","author":"Rahmana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2010.01.022","article-title":"Interannual and seasonal variability in evapotranspiration and energy partitioning over an irrigated cropland in the North China Plain","volume":"150","author":"Lei","year":"2010","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2012.08.003","article-title":"Evapotranspiration measurement and estimation using modified Priestley\u2013Taylor model in an irrigated maize field with mulching","volume":"168","author":"Ding","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105755","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2019.105755","article-title":"Evapotranspiration estimation using a modified Priestley-Taylor model in a rice-wheat rotation system","volume":"224","author":"Qiu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lama, G.F.C., Crimaldi, M., Pasquino, V., Padulano, R., and Chirico, G.B. (2021). Bulk drag predictions of riparian arundo donax stands through UAV-acquired multispectral images. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13101333"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00e9lez-Nicol\u00e1s, M., Garc\u00eda-L\u00f3pez, S., Barbero, L., Ruiz-Ortiz, V., and S\u00e1nchez-Bell\u00f3n, \u00c1. (2021). Applications of unmanned aerial systems (UASs) in hydrology: A review. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13071359"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2022.107462","article-title":"Environmental and biophysical effects of evapotranspiration in semiarid grassland and maize cropland ecosystems over the summer monsoon transition zone of China","volume":"264","author":"Yue","year":"2022","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2007.08.015","article-title":"A simple model for estimating the Bowen ratio from climatic factors for determining latent and sensible heat flux","volume":"148","author":"Perez","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4245","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-12-4245-2015","article-title":"Energy partitioning and surface resistance of a poplar plantation in northern China","volume":"12","author":"Kang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biogeoscience"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2016.03.003","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variation of radiation and energy fluxes over a rain-fed cropland in the semi-arid area of Loess Plateau, northwestern China","volume":"176","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2017.06.009","article-title":"Energy balance and partitioning in partial plastic mulched and non-mulched maize fields on the Loess Plateau of China","volume":"191","author":"Feng","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-018-2701-4","article-title":"Environmental and biological controls on monthly and annual evapotranspiration in China\u2019s Loess Plateau","volume":"137","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-011-0520-y","article-title":"On the relationship between the Bowen ratio and the near-surface air temperature","volume":"108","author":"Cho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D06111","DOI":"10.1029\/2011JD016991","article-title":"Surface energy partitioning over four dominant vegetation types across the United States in a coupled regional climate model (Weather Research and Forecasting Model 3\u2013Community Land Model 3.5)","volume":"117","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(99)00088-X","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variability of energy fluxes over a broadleaved temperate deciduous forest in North American","volume":"100","author":"Wilson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(02)00041-2","article-title":"Seasonal and interannual variation in evapotranspiration, energy balance and surface conductance in a northern temperate grassland","volume":"112","author":"Wever","year":"2002","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agrformet.2018.01.006","article-title":"Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the Bowen smith ratio over a semi-arid grassland in the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"252","author":"Yue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s00704-020-03457-0","article-title":"Synergistic effects of climatic factors and drought on maize yield in the east of Northwest China against the background of climate change","volume":"143","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Clim."},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"530","article-title":"Study on water deficit of the topsoil over the Chinese Loess Plateau mesa region","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plateau Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2135","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-014-4881-9","article-title":"Spatial distribution of surface energy fluxes over the Loess Plateau in China and its relationship with climate and the environment","volume":"57","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"167","article-title":"On land surface processes and its experimental study in Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125520","article-title":"Biometeorological effects on carbon dioxide and water-use efficiency within a semiarid grassland in the Chinese Loess Plateau","volume":"590","author":"Yue","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, M., Dong, Q.G., Jiao, M.Y., Zhao, X.N., Gao, X.R., Wu, P.T., and Wang, A. (2018). Estimation of Actual Evapotranspiration in a Semiarid Region Based on GRACE Gravity Satellite Data\u2014A Case Study in Loess Plateau. Remote. Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10122032"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135111","article-title":"The spatial and temporal evolution of the actual evapotranspiration based on the remote sensing method in the Loess Plateau","volume":"708","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00235-5","article-title":"Gap filling strategies for long term energy flux data sets","volume":"107","author":"Falge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28977","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01173","article-title":"Comparing nocturnal eddy covariance measurements to estimates of ecosystem respiration made by scaling chamber measurements at six coniferous boreal sites","volume":"102","author":"Lavigne","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1001765727956","article-title":"Stratified atmospheric boundary layers","volume":"90","author":"Mahrt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1093\/treephys\/21.5.299","article-title":"Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange by young and old ponderosa pine ecosystems during a dry summer","volume":"21","author":"Law","year":"2001","journal-title":"Tree Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"114","article-title":"Estimates of the Annual Net Carbon and Water Exchange of Forests: The EUROFLUX Methodology","volume":"30","author":"Aubinet","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Ecol. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3726","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029490","article-title":"Available energy partitioning during drought at two Norway spruce forests and a European Beech forest in Central Europe","volume":"124","author":"McGloin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00120036","article-title":"Energy balance storage terms in a mature mixed forest at Petawawa, Ontario\u2014A case study","volume":"31","author":"McCaughey","year":"1985","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122754","article-title":"Frequency response corrections for eddy correlation systems","volume":"37","author":"Moore","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"51","article-title":"Energy balance closure at ChinaFLUX sites","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-015-5133-3","article-title":"Influence of environmental factors on land-surface water and heat exchange during dry and wet periods in the growing season of semiarid grassland on the Loess Plateau","volume":"58","author":"Yue","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-008-0036-1","article-title":"A temperature prediction-correction method for estimating surface soil heat flux from soil temperature and moisture data","volume":"51","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sci. China Ser. D-Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2003.10.002","article-title":"Transpiration, canopy conductance and the decoupling coefficient of a lowland mixed dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Borneo: Dry spell effects","volume":"287","author":"Kumagai","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.8232","article-title":"Surface energy partitioning and evapotranspiration over a double-cropping paddy field in Bangladesh","volume":"26","author":"Hossen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Proc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3581","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.1348","article-title":"Year-round observations of the energy and water vapour fluxes above a boreal black spruce forest","volume":"17","author":"Arain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hydrol. Proc."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/2013JG002472","article-title":"Seasonal variation in energy balance and canopy conductance for a tropical savanna ecosystem of south central Mato Grosso, Brazil","volume":"119","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Biogeosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2016.06.029","article-title":"Energy balance and canopy conductance for a cotton field under film mulched drip irrigation in an arid region of northwestern China","volume":"179","author":"Tian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4395","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-6-4395-2006","article-title":"Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem","volume":"6","author":"Foken","year":"2006","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1923(00)00123-4","article-title":"Correcting eddy-covariance flux underestimates over a grassland","volume":"103","author":"Twine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Agric. For. Meteor."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-14-1487-2010","article-title":"Analysis of the energy balance closure over a FLUXNET boreal forest in Finland","volume":"14","author":"Caselles","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth System Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-21-3401-2017","article-title":"Analysing surface energy balance closure and partitioning over a semi-arid savanna FLUXNET site in Skukuza, Kruger National Park, South Africa","volume":"21","author":"Majozi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-011-0608-4","article-title":"Effects of the soil heat flux estimates on surface energy balance closure over a semi-arid grassland","volume":"25","author":"Yue","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"481","article-title":"Features of land surface process over wetland at Tibetan Plateau during soil freezing and thawing periods","volume":"75","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta. Meteor. Sin."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1002\/cjg2.1627","article-title":"Analysis of Variation Regularity of Land-Surface Physical Quantities Over the Dingxi Region of the Loess Plateau","volume":"54","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3891","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4364-3","article-title":"Conversion features of evapotranspiration responding to climate warming in transitional climate regions in northern China","volume":"52","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2837","article-title":"Accelerated dryland expansion under climate change","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Clim. Change"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1029\/2018JD029533","article-title":"Changes in evapotranspiration over global semiarid regions 1984\u20132013","volume":"124","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JHM1116.1","article-title":"Simulating the Effects of Irrigation over the United States in a Land Surface Model Based on Satellite-Derived Agricultural Data","volume":"11","author":"Ozdogan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Hydrometeorol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28915","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD00193","article-title":"Energy balance and canopy conductance of a boreal aspen forest: Partitioning overstory and understory components","volume":"102","author":"Blanken","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00122381","article-title":"A mixed-layer model for regional evaporation","volume":"34","author":"Mchaughton","year":"1986","journal-title":"Bound.-Layer Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(1999)012<3156:AGPVAD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A green planet versus a desert world: Estimating the effect of vegetation extremes on the atmosphere","volume":"12","author":"Fraedrich","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Clim."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1897\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:19Z","timestamp":1760136859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1897"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14081897"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14081897","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}