{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T16:09:41Z","timestamp":1768838981632,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003562","name":"Ministry of Environment","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019002830001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019002830001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003562","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to determine the depositional effect and improve the identification of debris flow risk zones. To accomplish this goal, we developed a two-dimensional debris flow model (Deb2D) based on a hyperbolic conservation form of the mass and the momentum balance equation with consideration of the erosion\u2013entrainment effect as well as the depositional effect. In this model, we implemented a widely-used rheological equation\u2014the Voellmy equation\u2014and a quadtree adaptive grid-based shallow-water equation. This model was applied to two study sites to assess the depositional effect. The impact area, volume of soil loss, maximum velocity, inundated depth, and erosion depth resulting from the debris-flow modeling were compared with the field data. The simulation results with\/without deposition were evaluated using the receiver operating characteristic method. The implementation results of the erosion\u2013entrainment model with deposition showed superior accuracy when estimating the damage range and flow time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081904","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1904","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["A Simple Deposition Model for Debris Flow Simulation Considering the Erosion\u2013Entrainment\u2013Deposition Process"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8205-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seungjun","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Rural Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyunuk","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Rural Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea"}]},{"given":"Minseok","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geologic Environment Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources, Daejeon 34132, Korea"}]},{"given":"Hyuntaek","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regional Infrastructure Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}]},{"given":"Yongseong","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regional Infrastructure Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1130\/GSATG214A.1","article-title":"New insights into debris-flow hazards from an extraordinary event in the Colorado Front Range","volume":"24","author":"Coe","year":"2014","journal-title":"GSA Today"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Takahashi, T. (2007). Debris Flow: Mechanics, Prediction and Countermeasures, Taylor & Francis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo1040","article-title":"Positive feedback and momentum growth during debris-flow entrainment of wet bed sediment","volume":"4","author":"Iverson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-018-1095-9","article-title":"Depositional mechanisms and morphology of debris flow: Physical modelling","volume":"16","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/S0341-8162(03)00112-7","article-title":"Late Quaternary rapid talus dissection and debris flow deposition on an alluvial fan in Syria","volume":"55","author":"Oguchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2014.07.001","article-title":"Monitoring sediment source areas in a debris-flow catchment using terrestrial laser scanning","volume":"123","author":"Blasone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-013-0452-y","article-title":"Results and experiences gathered at the Rebaixader debris-flow monitoring site, Central Pyrenees, Spain","volume":"11","author":"Moya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-016-0793-4","article-title":"Characteristics and numerical runout modeling of the heavy rainfall-induced catastrophic landslide\u2013debris flow at Sanxicun, Dujiangyan, China, following the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake","volume":"14","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2021.105727","article-title":"A field investigation on debris flows in the incised Tongde sedimentary basin on the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"208","author":"Lyu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-007-0102-3","article-title":"Application of FLATModel, a 2D finite volume code, to debris flows in the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula","volume":"5","author":"Medina","year":"2008","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2015.12.054","article-title":"GIS-based cell model for simulating debris flow runout on a fan","volume":"534","author":"Gregoretti","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.04.013","article-title":"Numerical simulation of debris-flow behavior based on the SPH method incorporating the Herschel-Bulkley-Papanastasiou rheology model","volume":"255","author":"Han","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2019.105351","article-title":"An example of a hazard and risk assessment for debris flows\u2014A case study of Niwan Gully, Wudu, China","volume":"263","author":"Ouyang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2020.105733","article-title":"Hazard assessment of a catastrophic mine waste debris flow of Hou Gully, Shimian, China","volume":"275","author":"Chang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01383-w","article-title":"Comprehensive modelling of runoff-generated debris flow from formation to propagation in a catchment","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hungr, O., Corominas, J., and Eberhardt, E. (2005). Estimating landslide motion mechanism, travel distance and velocity. Landslide Risk Management, CRC Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781439833711"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mangeney, A., Bouchut, F., Thomas, N., Vilotte, J.P., and Bristeau, M.O. (2007). Numerical modeling of self-channeling granular flows and of their levee-channel deposits. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 112.","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JF000469"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1002\/esp.1161","article-title":"Morphology and sedimentology of a complex debris flow in a clay-shale basin","volume":"30","author":"Malet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Earth Surf. Process. Landf. J. Br. Geomorphol. Res. Gr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6793","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-26959-5","article-title":"The Mechanics of Landslide Mobility with Erosion","volume":"12","author":"Pudasaini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Schuerch, P. (2011). Debris-Flow Erosion and Deposition Dynamics, Durham University."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733-9429(1997)123:7(617)","article-title":"Numerical modeling of mudflows","volume":"123","author":"Laigle","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Hydraul. Eng."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB900330","article-title":"Flow of variably fluidized granular masses across three-dimensional terrain: 2. Numerical predictions and experimental tests","volume":"106","author":"Denlinger","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Solid Earth"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-555X(02)00224-6","article-title":"A dynamic model for rainfall-induced landslides on natural slopes","volume":"51","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1007\/s10596-005-9021-3","article-title":"Comparison of 2D debris-flow simulation models with field events","volume":"10","author":"Rickenmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comput. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2018.09.049","article-title":"Estimation of the area of sediment deposition by debris flow using a physical-based modeling approach","volume":"503","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"12","article-title":"Prediction of stony debris flow induced by severe rainfall","volume":"44","author":"Takahashi","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Eros. Control Eng."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1437","DOI":"10.1139\/t05-064","article-title":"Dynamic modelling of entrainment in rapid landslides","volume":"42","author":"McDougall","year":"2005","journal-title":"Can. Geotech. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sovilla, B., Burlando, P., and Bartelt, P. (2006). Field experiments and numerical modeling of mass entrainment in snow avalanches. J. Geophys. Res. Earth Surf., 111.","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JF000391"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-15-2569-2015","article-title":"The importance of entrainment and bulking on debris flow runout modeling: Examples from the Swiss Alps","volume":"15","author":"Frank","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Takahashi, T. (1997). Dynamics of Debris Flows in the Inertial Regime. Debris-Flow Hazards Mitigation: Mechanics, Prediction, and Assessment, ASCE."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"Egashira, S. (1995, January 14\u201318). Constitutive Equations of Debris Flow and Their Applicability. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference Water Resources Engineering Division\/ASCE at San Francisco, San Antonio, TX, USA."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"21","article-title":"Numerical simulation on debris flow control by a grid dam","volume":"57","author":"Satofuka","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Soc. Eros. Control Eng."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"613","article-title":"Numerical simulation on debris-flow deposition and erosion processes upstream of a check dam with experimental verification","volume":"51","author":"Shrestha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Disaster Prev. Res. Inst. Annu."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijmultiphaseflow.2020.103416","article-title":"A mechanical erosion model for two-phase mass flows","volume":"132","author":"Pudasaini","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Multiph. Flows"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-6-155-2006","article-title":"Comparison of flow resistance relations for debris flows using a one-dimensional finite element simulation model","volume":"6","author":"Naef","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","unstructured":"Bartelt, P., Buehler, Y., Christen, M., Deubelbeiss, Y., Graf, C., and McArdell, B. (2013). RAMMS\u2013Rapid Mass Movement Simulation, A Modeling System for Debris Flows in Research and Practice, User Manual v1.5, Debris Flow, Manuscript Update: 31 January 2013, WSL Institute for Snow and Avalanche Research SLF. Available online: http:\/\/ramms.slf.ch\/ramms\/downloads\/RAMMS_DBF_Manual.pdf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1137\/S1064827503431090","article-title":"A Fast and Stable Well-Balanced Scheme with Hydrostatic Reconstruction for Shallow Water Flows","volume":"25","author":"Audusse","year":"2004","journal-title":"SIAM J. Sci. Comput."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2012.08.056","article-title":"Comparison between iteration schemes for three-dimensional coordinate-transformed saturated\u2013unsaturated flow model","volume":"470\u2013471","author":"An","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01230-7","article-title":"The effect of check dams on the dynamic and bed entrainment processes of debris flows","volume":"16","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"637","article-title":"Analysis of debris flow simulation parameters with entrainment effect: A case study in the Mt. Umyeon","volume":"53","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Korea Water Resour. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_41","unstructured":"Lim, H. (2021). Erosion-Deposition Characteristics of Debris Flow Using Laboratory Experiment and Numerical Analysis, Kangwon National University."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enggeo.2008.03.019","article-title":"Transient deterministic shallow landslide modeling: Requirements for susceptibility and hazard assessments in a GIS framework","volume":"102","author":"Godt","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eng. Geol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-010-0197-9","article-title":"Procedure for the selection of runout model parameters from landslide back-analyses: Application to the Metropolitan Area of San Salvador, El Salvador","volume":"7","author":"Cepeda","year":"2010","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"965","article-title":"Run-out modeling of debris flows in Mt. Umyeon using FLO-2D","volume":"33","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Civ. Eng."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2833","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-13-2833-2013","article-title":"Landslide and debris flow susceptibility zonation using TRIGRS for the 2011 Seoul landslide event","volume":"13","author":"Park","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.9798\/KOSHAM.2019.19.3.195","article-title":"Numerical Simulation of Debris Flow Behavior at Mt. Umyeon using the DAN3D Model","volume":"19","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Korean Soc. Hazard. Mitig."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-019-01294-5","article-title":"A combined method for modeling the triggering and propagation of debris flows","volume":"17","author":"Hong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"Korean Geotechnical Society (2014). Research Contract Report: Addition and Complement Causes Survey of Mt. Woomyeon Landslide, Korean Geotechnical Society. Research Report, 51-6110000-000649-01."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10346-020-01616-y","article-title":"Preliminary report of a catastrophic landslide that occurred in Gokseong County, South Jeolla Province, South Korea, on 7 August 2020","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Landslides"},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"12","article-title":"Paleoweathering covers in Korean hard rocks: A methodology for mapping their spatial distribution and the thickness of their constituting horizons. Applications to identify brittle deformation and to hard rock hydrogeology","volume":"6","author":"Cho","year":"2002","journal-title":"KIGAM Bull."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1904\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:29Z","timestamp":1760136869000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1904"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14081904"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14081904","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]}}}