{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T23:27:19Z","timestamp":1773271639738,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFB3901101"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFB3901101"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Optical classification for water bodies was carried out based on satellite remote sensing data, which avoided the limitation of having a limited amount of in situ measured spectral data. Unsupervised cluster analysis was performed on 53,815 reflectance spectra extracted at 500-m intervals based on the same season or quasi-same season Landsat 8 SR data using the algorithm of fuzzy c-means. Lakes and reservoirs in the study area were comprehensively identified as three optical types representing different limnological features. The shape and amplitude characteristics of the reflectance spectra for the three optical water types indicated that one corresponds to the clearest water, one corresponds to turbid water, and the other is moderate clear water. The novelty detection technique was further used to label the match-ups of the in situ data set collected during 2006 to 2019 in 12 field surveys based on mathematical rules of the three optical water types. The results confirmed that each optical water type was associated with different bio-optical properties, and the total suspended matter of the clearest, moderate clear and turbid water types were 14.99 mg\/L, 41.06 mg\/L and 83.81 mg\/L, respectively. Overall, the clearest, moderate clear and turbid waters in the study area accounted for 49.3%, 36.7% and 14.0%, respectively. The spatial distribution of optical water types in the study area was seamlessly mapped. Results showed that the bio-optical conditions of the water distributed across the southeast region were roughly homogeneous, but in most of other regions and within some water bodies, they showed a patchy distribution and heterogeneity. This study is useful for monitoring water quality and provides a useful foundation to develop or tuning algorithms to retrieve water quality parameters.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081910","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1910","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Monitoring Optical Variability in Complex Inland Waters Using Satellite Remote Sensing Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yunxia","family":"Du","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kaishan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ge","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130102, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.124826","article-title":"A review of remote sensing applications for water security: Quantity, quality, and extremes","volume":"585","author":"Chawla","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2014.09.021","article-title":"Remote sensing of inland waters: Challenges, progress and future directions","volume":"157","author":"Palmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lehmann, M.K., Nguyen, U., Allan, M., and Van der Woerd, H.J. (2018). Colour classification of 1486 lakes across a wide range of optical water types. Remote Sens., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs10081273"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2015.02.001","article-title":"Aquatic color radiometry remote sensing of coastal and inland waters: Challenges and recommendations for future satellite missions","volume":"160","author":"Mouw","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-011-0652-1","article-title":"Development of optical criteria to discriminate various types of highly turbid lake waters","volume":"669","author":"Sun","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.01.020","article-title":"Developments in Earth observation for the assessment and monitoring of inland, transitional, coastal and shelf-sea waters","volume":"572","author":"Tyler","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2016.12.006","article-title":"Fifteen-year monitoring of the turbidity dynamics in large lakes and reservoirs in the middle and lower basin of the Yangtze River, China","volume":"190","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.146271","article-title":"Quantification of chlorophyll-a in typical lakes across China using Sentinel-2 MSI imagery with machine learning algorithm","volume":"778","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2011.11.013","article-title":"Review of constituent retrieval in optically deep and complex waters from satellite imagery","volume":"118","author":"Odermatt","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34838","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.034838","article-title":"Optical classification of inland waters based on an improved Fuzzy C-Means method","volume":"27","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uudeberg, K., Ansko, I., P\u00f5ru, G., Ansper, A., and Reinart, A. (2019). Using optical water types to monitor changes in optically complex inland and coastal waters. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11192297"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, K., Ma, R., Wang, D., and Shen, M. (2019). Optical classification of the remote sensing reflectance and its application in deriving the specific phytoplankton absorption in optically complex lakes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020184"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1007\/s10201-020-00633-z","article-title":"Optical water types found in Brazilian waters","volume":"22","author":"Novo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Limnology"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1977.22.4.0709","article-title":"Analysis of variations in ocean color","volume":"22","author":"Morel","year":"1977","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10674","article-title":"Optical types of inland and coastal waters","volume":"63","author":"Spyrakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7404","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.26.007404","article-title":"Performance metrics for the assessment of satellite data products: An ocean color case study","volume":"26","author":"Seegers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jglr.2019.03.011","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability of inherent and apparent optical properties in western Lake Erie: Implications for water quality remote sensing","volume":"45","author":"Sayers","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Great Lakes Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/S1385-1101(03)00019-4","article-title":"Preliminary optical classification of lakes and coastal waters in Estonia and south Finland","volume":"49","author":"Reinart","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Sea Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.5194\/os-9-477-2013","article-title":"MERIS-based ocean colour classification with the discrete Forel\u2013Ule scale","volume":"9","author":"Wernand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ocean Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kirk, J. (2011). Light and Photosynthesis in Aquatic Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press. [3rd ed.].","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139168212"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceano.2016.05.005","article-title":"Performance of operational satellite bio-optical algorithms in different water types in the southeastern Arabian Sea","volume":"58","author":"Minu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oceanologia"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.004","article-title":"Optical classification of contrasted coastal waters","volume":"123","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2004.02.020","article-title":"Water quality change in reservoirs of Shenzhen, China: Detection using LANDS AT\/TM data","volume":"328","author":"Wang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.2166\/wqrj.2020.024","article-title":"Evaluation of the Crosta method for the retrieval of water quality parameters from remote sensing data in the Pearl River estuary","volume":"55","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Water Qual. Res. J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1648-7","article-title":"Widespread global increase in intense lake phytoplankton blooms since the 1980s","volume":"574","author":"Ho","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138141","article-title":"Regional measurements and spatial\/temporal analysis of CDOM in 10,000+ optically variable minnesota lakes using landsat 8 imagery","volume":"724","author":"Olmanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14731","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114731","article-title":"Classification of several optically complex waters in China using in situ remote sensing reflectance","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.11.058","article-title":"Remote chlorophyll-a estimates for inland waters based on a cluster-based classification","volume":"444","author":"Shi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2020.110334","article-title":"Quantifying total suspended matter (TSM) in waters using Landsat images during 1984\u20132018 across the Songnen Plain, Northeast China","volume":"262","author":"Du","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-011-2053-3","article-title":"Retrieval of total suspended matter (TSM) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration from remote-sensing data for drinking water resources","volume":"184","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Environ. Monit. Assess."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2020.111800","article-title":"Quantification of lake clarity in China using Landsat OLI imagery data","volume":"243","author":"Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"Wang, S., and Dou, H. (1998). Chinese Lake Catalogue, Science Press."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.151374","article-title":"Total suspended solids characterization and management implications for lakes in East China","volume":"806","author":"Du","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2012.03.058","article-title":"Hyperspectral determination of eutrophication for a water supply source via genetic algorithm\u2013partial least squares (GA\u2013PLS) modeling","volume":"426","author":"Song","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.02.012","article-title":"Variability and classification of remote sensing reflectance spectra in the eastern English Channel and southern North Sea","volume":"110","author":"Lubac","year":"2007","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088946","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088946","article-title":"The color of rivers","volume":"48","author":"Gardner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.01.023","article-title":"Performance of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 surface reflectance products for river remote sensing retrievals of chlorophyll-a and turbidity","volume":"224","author":"Kuhn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.116844","article-title":"Remote sensing estimation of water clarity for various lakes in China","volume":"192","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"055025","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/abf002","article-title":"Multi-decadal 1 improvement in U.S. Lake water clarity","volume":"16","author":"Topp","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"232","article-title":"Modeling spectral reflectance of optically complex waters using bio-optical measurements from Tokyo Bay","volume":"99","author":"Feng","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bezdek, J.C. (1981). Pattern Recognition with Fuzzy Objective Function Algorithms, Plenum Press.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-0450-1"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1049\/ip-vis:19941330","article-title":"Novelty detection and neural network validation","volume":"141","author":"Bishop","year":"1994","journal-title":"Image Signal Process. IEE Proc. Vis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8710","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.36.008710","article-title":"Absorption spectrum (380\u2013700 nm) of pure water, 2, integrating cavity measurements","volume":"36","author":"Pope","year":"1997","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1111\/sum.12059","article-title":"Application of digital soil mapping methods for identifying salinity management classes based on a study on coastal central China","volume":"29","author":"Guo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Use Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pocean.2010.12.001","article-title":"Multi-sensor satellite time series of optical properties and chlorophyll-a concentration in the Adriatic Sea","volume":"91","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Oceanogr."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1910\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:54:48Z","timestamp":1760136888000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1910"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14081910"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14081910","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]]}}}