{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,29]],"date-time":"2026-05-29T18:27:23Z","timestamp":1780079243627,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":120,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,15]],"date-time":"2022-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649980800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Caatinga biome, located in the Brazilian semi-arid region, is the most populous semi-arid region in the world, causing intensification in land degradation and loss of biodiversity over time. The main objective of this paper is to determine and analyze the changes in land cover and use, over time, on the biophysical parameters in the Caatinga biome in the semi-arid region of Brazil using remote sensing. Landsat-8 images were used, along with the Surface Energy Balance Algorithm for Land (SEBAL) in the Google Earth Engine platform, from 2013 to 2019, through spatiotemporal modeling of vegetation indices, i.e., leaf area index (LAI) and vegetation cover (VC). Moreover, land surface temperature (LST) and actual evapotranspiration (ETa) in Petrolina, the semi-arid region of Brazil, was used. The principal component analysis was used to select descriptive variables and multiple regression analysis to predict ETa. The results indicated significant effects of land use and land cover changes on energy balances over time. In 2013, 70.2% of the study area was composed of Caatinga, while the lowest percentages were identified in 2015 (67.8%) and 2017 (68.7%). Rainfall records in 2013 ranged from 270 to 480 mm, with values higher than 410 mm in 46.5% of the study area, concentrated in the northern part of the municipality. On the other hand, in 2017 the lowest annual rainfall values (from 200 to 340 mm) occurred. Low vegetation cover rate was observed by LAI and VC values, with a range of 0 to 25% vegetation cover in 52.3% of the area, which exposes the effects of the dry season on vegetation. The highest LST was mainly found in urban areas and\/or exposed soil. In 2013, 40.5% of the region\u2019s area had LST between 48.0 and 52.0 \u00b0C, raising ETa rates (~4.7 mm day\u22121). Our model has shown good outcomes in terms of accuracy and concordance (coefficient of determination = 0.98, root mean square error = 0.498, and Lin\u2019s concordance correlation coefficient = 0.907). The significant increase in agricultural areas has resulted in the progressive reduction of the Caatinga biome. Therefore, mitigation and sustainable planning is vital to decrease the impacts of anthropic actions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081911","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":78,"title":["Using Remote Sensing to Quantify the Joint Effects of Climate and Land Use\/Land Cover Changes on the Caatinga Biome of Northeast Brazilian"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Alexandre Mani\u00e7oba da Rosa Ferraz","family":"Jardim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George do Nascimento","family":"Ara\u00fajo J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Brazil"},{"name":"Academic Unit of Serra Talhada, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada 56909-535, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1318-2320","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Vin\u00edcius da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anderson dos","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2611-4036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jhon Lennon Bezerra da","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2037-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e9liton","family":"Pandorfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Recife 52171-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6131-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Francisco de","family":"Oliveira-J\u00fanior","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Atmospheric Sciences, Federal University of Alagoas, Macei\u00f3 57072-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ant\u00f4nio Heriberto de Castro","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Resources Department, Federal University of Sergipe, S\u00e3o Crist\u00f3v\u00e3o 49100-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8236-542X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulo Eduardo","family":"Teodoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapad\u00e3o do Sul 79560-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0135-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o L. 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