{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T21:12:16Z","timestamp":1762377136667,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]],"date-time":"2022-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650067200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61527826"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61527826"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012271","name":"Shenzhen Fundamental Research and Discipline Layout Project","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20210324120012035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20210324120012035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012271","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The importance of polarization aberrations has been recognized and studied in numerous optical systems and related applications. It is known that polarization aberrations are particularly crucial in certain photogrammetry and microscopy techniques that are related to vectorial information\u2014such as polarization imaging, stimulated emission depletion microscopy, and structured illumination microscopy. Hence, a reduction in polarization aberrations would be beneficial to different types of optical imaging\/sensing techniques with enhanced vectorial information. In this work, we first analyzed the intrinsic polarization aberrations induced by a high-NA lens theoretically and experimentally. The aberrations of depolarization, diattenuation, and linear retardance were studied in detail using the Mueller matrix polar-decomposition method. Based on an analysis of the results, we proposed strategies to compensate the polarization aberrations induced by high-NA lenses for hardware-based solutions. The preliminary imaging results obtained using a Mueller matrix polarimeter equipped with multiple coated aspheric lenses for polarization-aberration reduction confirmed that the conclusions and strategies proposed in this study had the potential to provide more precise polarization information of the targets for applications spanning across classical optics, remote sensing, biomedical imaging, photogrammetry, and vectorial optical-information extraction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081932","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1932","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Polarization Aberrations in High-Numerical-Aperture Lens Systems and Their Effects on Vectorial-Information Sensing"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yuanxing","family":"Shen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Binguo","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7369-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Honghui","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5578-3941","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel S.","family":"Elson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamlyn Centre for Robotic Surgery, Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9662-0447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hui","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Research Center of Polarization Imaging and Measurement Engineering Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Minimal Invasive Medical Technologies, Institute of Optical Imaging and Sensing, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282100","DOI":"10.1117\/12.7976915","article-title":"Polarization Aberration Diagrams","volume":"28","author":"Chipman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1117\/1.1467669","article-title":"Polarization aberrations caused by differential transmission and phase shift in high numerical aperture lenses: Theory, measurement, and rectification","volume":"41","author":"Michael","year":"2002","journal-title":"Opt. Eng."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4913","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900364","article-title":"Remote sensing of aerosols over land surfaces from POLDER-ADEOS-1 polarized measurements","volume":"106","author":"Devaux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2330","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2008.2010132","article-title":"Measurement of reflectance properties of asphalt surfaces and their usability as reference targets for aerial photos","volume":"47","author":"Puttonen","year":"2009","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.23.002137","article-title":"Polarization-based and specular-reflection-based noncontact latent fingerprint imaging and lifting","volume":"23","author":"Lin","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12681-w","article-title":"Super-resolution imaging of fluorescent dipoles via polarized structured illumination microscopy","volume":"10","author":"Zhanghao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115707","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/12\/11\/115707","article-title":"Effects of polarization on the de-excitation dark focal spot in STED microscopy","volume":"12","author":"Hao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"084010","DOI":"10.1088\/2040-8978\/12\/8\/084010","article-title":"Single-shot optical sectioning using polarization-coded structured illumination","volume":"12","author":"Wicker","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Opt."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.13.001106","article-title":"Interpretation of Mueller matrices based on polar decomposition","volume":"13","author":"Lu","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14348","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.19.014348","article-title":"Mueller matrix differential decomposition for direction reversal: Application to samples measured in reflection and backscattering","volume":"19","year":"2011","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1515\/plm-2012-0052","article-title":"A possible quantitative Mueller matrix transformation technique for anisotropic scattering media","volume":"2","author":"He","year":"2013","journal-title":"Photonics Lasers Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2012.12.007","article-title":"On the degree of polarization for SAR sea oil slick observation","volume":"78","author":"Nunziata","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6381","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.006381","article-title":"Polarization and effective Mueller matrix for multiple scattering of light by nonspherical ice crystals","volume":"14","author":"Lawless","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9949","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JD901044","article-title":"Retrieving the vertical structure of the effective aerosol complex index of refraction from a combination of aerosol in situ and remote sensing measurements during TARFOX","volume":"105","author":"Redemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A581","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.00A581","article-title":"Study on polarization scattering applied in aerosol recognition in the air","volume":"27","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071114","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.7.071114","article-title":"Polarized light interaction with tissues","volume":"21","author":"Tuchin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/s41377-021-00639-x","article-title":"Polarisation optics for biomedical and clinical applications: A review","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Light Sci. Appl."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.1109\/JLT.2018.2868845","article-title":"Mueller matrix polarimetry\u2014An emerging new tool for characterizing the microstructural feature of complex biological specimen","volume":"37","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Light. Technol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1063\/1.1144631","article-title":"The influences of roughness on film thickness measurements by Mueller matrix ellipsometry","volume":"65","author":"Ramsey","year":"1994","journal-title":"Rev. Sci. Instrum."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLIII-B1-2020-607-2020","article-title":"Remote attitude sensing based on high-speed Mueller matrix ellipsometry","volume":"43","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spatial Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.53.002236","article-title":"Mueller matrix microscope with a dual continuous rotating compensator setup and digital demodulation","volume":"53","author":"Arteaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"071112","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.21.7.071112","article-title":"Mueller matrix microscope: A quantitative tool to facilitate detections and fibrosis scorings of liver cirrhosis and cancer tissues","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2020.3019755","article-title":"Deriving polarimetry feature parameters to characterize microstructural features in histological sections of breast tissues","volume":"68","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"IEEE. Trans. Biomed. Eng."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4827(51)90037-7","article-title":"A method for measuring small retardations of structures in living cells","volume":"2","author":"Inoue","year":"1951","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.3.6.831","article-title":"Studies on depolarization of light at microscope lens surfaces: II. The simultaneous realization of high resolution and high sensitivity with the polarizing microscope","volume":"3","author":"Hyde","year":"1957","journal-title":"J. Biophys. Biochem. Cytol."},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"349","article-title":"Electromagnetic diffraction in optical systems-I. An integral representation of the image field","volume":"253","author":"Wolf","year":"1959","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. A Math. Phys. Eng. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.12.000325","article-title":"Electromagnetic diffraction of light focused through a planar interface between materials of mismatched refractive indices: An integral representation","volume":"12","author":"Varga","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Opt. Soc. Am. A"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0030-4018(97)00576-2","article-title":"On the general properties of polarised light conventional and confocal microscopes","volume":"148","author":"Higdon","year":"1998","journal-title":"Opt. Commun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.33.002428","article-title":"Properties of high-numerical-aperture Mueller-matrix polarimeters","volume":"33","author":"Munro","year":"2008","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4264","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12286-3","article-title":"Complex vectorial optics through gradient index lens cascades","volume":"10","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8445","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.387079","article-title":"On the limits of low-numerical-aperture imaging scatterometry","volume":"28","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1364\/BOE.410989","article-title":"Comparative study of the influence of imaging resolution on linear retardance parameters derived from the Mueller matrix","volume":"12","author":"Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1364\/OPEX.12.003443","article-title":"Reducing symmetric polarization aberrations in a lens by annealing","volume":"12","author":"Wolfe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.2.000148","article-title":"Photopolarimetric measurement of the Mueller matrix by Fourier analysis of a single detected signal","volume":"2","author":"Azzam","year":"1978","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_35","unstructured":"Chenault, D.B., Pezzaniti, J.L., and Chipman, R.A. (1992, January 11). Mueller matrix algorithms. Proceedings of the Polarization Analysis and Measurement, San Diego, CA, USA."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"016007","DOI":"10.1117\/1.JBO.23.1.016007","article-title":"Modulus design multiwavelength polarization microscope for transmission Mueller matrix imaging","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9324","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.14.009324","article-title":"Polar decomposition of 3 \u00d7 3 Mueller matrix: A tool for quantitative tissue polarimetry","volume":"14","author":"Swami","year":"2006","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"014029","DOI":"10.1117\/1.3065545","article-title":"Proof-of-principle demonstration of a Mueller matrix decomposition method for polarized light tissue characterization in vivo","volume":"14","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1364\/OL.37.001061","article-title":"Mueller matrix polarimetry for improved liver fibrosis diagnosis","volume":"37","author":"Dubreuil","year":"2012","journal-title":"Opt. Lett."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14120","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.21.014120","article-title":"Polarimetric imaging of uterine cervix: A case study","volume":"21","author":"Pierangelo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e201900151","DOI":"10.1002\/jbio.201900151","article-title":"Distinguishing structural features between Crohn\u2019s disease and gastrointestinal luminal tuberculosis using Mueller matrix derived parameters","volume":"12","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biophotonics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"044036","DOI":"10.1117\/1.2960934","article-title":"Mueller matrix decomposition for extraction of individual polarization parameters from complex turbid media exhibiting multiple scattering, optical activity, and linear birefringence","volume":"13","author":"Ghosh","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Biomed. Opt."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2015.03.002","article-title":"Random forest and rotation forest for fully polarized SAR image classification using polarimetric and spatial features","volume":"105","author":"Du","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS J. Photogramm. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4853","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161.2020.1724350","article-title":"General review of optical polarization remote sensing","volume":"41","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5666","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.17.005666","article-title":"Polarized light in coastal waters: Hyperspectral and multiangular analysis","volume":"17","author":"Tonizzo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Opt. Express"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1932\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:55:25Z","timestamp":1760136925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/8\/1932"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14081932"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14081932","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,16]]}}}