{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T15:49:40Z","timestamp":1779292180897,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]],"date-time":"2022-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650153600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010297","name":"Waldklimafonds","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FKZ: 22WB410602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FKZ: 22WB410602"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010297","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dense matching plays a crucial role in computer vision and remote sensing, to rapidly provide stereo products using inexpensive hardware. Along with the development of deep learning, the Guided Aggregation Network (GA-Net) achieves state-of-the-art performance via the proposed Semi-Global Guided Aggregation layers and reduces the use of costly 3D convolutional layers. To solve the problem of GA-Net requiring large GPU memory consumption, we design a pyramid architecture to modify the model. Starting from a downsampled stereo input, the disparity is estimated and continuously refined through the pyramid levels. Thus, the disparity search is only applied for a small size of stereo pair and then confined within a short residual range for minor correction, leading to highly reduced memory usage and runtime. Tests on close-range, aerial, and satellite data demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves significantly higher efficiency (around eight times faster consuming only 20\u201340% GPU memory) and comparable results with GA-Net on remote sensing data. Thanks to this coarse-to-fine estimation, we successfully process remote sensing datasets with very large disparity ranges, which could not be processed with GA-Net due to GPU memory limitations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14081942","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T02:39:31Z","timestamp":1650335971000},"page":"1942","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["GA-Net-Pyramid: An Efficient End-to-End Network for Dense Matching"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2049-2180","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuanxin","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8541-3856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"d\u2019Angelo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5805-8892","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Friedrich","family":"Fraundorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Computer Graphics and Vision, Graz University of Technology (TU Graz), 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8407-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiaojiao","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6593-5152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Fuentes Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8122-1475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Reinartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Photogrammetry and Image Analysis, Remote Sensing Technology Institute, German Aerospace Center (DLR), 82234 Wessling, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"173","article-title":"Semi-global Matching\u2014Motivation, Developments and Applications","volume":"Volume 11","year":"2011","journal-title":"Photogrammetric Week"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.5194\/isprsarchives-XL-1-195-2014","article-title":"DSM Accuracy Evaluation for the ISPRS Commission I Image Matching Benchmark","volume":"40","author":"Kuschk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. 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