{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T03:03:24Z","timestamp":1760151804981,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]],"date-time":"2022-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650326400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019YFB210310,2019YFB2103104"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019YFB210310,2019YFB2103104"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42001407, 42104012, 41971341, 41971354"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42001407, 42104012, 41971341, 41971354"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation","award":["2019A1515110729, 2019A1515111163, 2019A1515010748, 2019A1515011872"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019A1515110729, 2019A1515111163, 2019A1515010748, 2019A1515011872"]}]},{"name":"Open Re-search Fund of State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Re-mote Sensing, Wuhan University","award":["20E02, 20R06"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20E02, 20R06"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Science and Technology Strategic Innovation Fund (the Guangdong\u2013Hong Kong-Macau Joint Laboratory Program)","award":["2020B1212030009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1212030009"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Digital Twin Technologies for Cities","award":["ZDSYS20210623101800001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZDSYS20210623101800001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate combined bundle adjustment (BA) is a fundamental step for the integration of aerial and terrestrial images captured from complementary platforms. In traditional photogrammetry pipelines, self-calibrated bundle adjustment (SCBA) improves the BA accuracy by simultaneously refining the interior orientation parameters (IOPs), including lens distortion parameters, and the exterior orientation parameters (EOPs). Aerial and terrestrial images separately processed through SCBA need to be fused using BA. Thus, the IOPs in the aerial\u2013terrestrial BA must be properly treated. On one hand, the IOPs in one flight should be identical for the same images in physics. On the other hand, the IOP adjustment in the cross-platform-combined BA may mathematically improve the aerial\u2013terrestrial image co-registration degree in 3D space. In this paper, the impacts of self-calibration strategies in combined BA of aerial and terrestrial image blocks on the co-registration accuracy were investigated. To answer this question, aerial and terrestrial images captured from seven study areas were tested under four aerial\u2013terrestrial BA scenarios: the IOPs for both aerial and terrestrial images were fixed; the IOPs for only aerial images were fixed; the IOPs for only terrestrial images were fixed; the IOPs for both images were adjusted. The cross-platform co-registration accuracy for the BA was evaluated according to independent checkpoints that were visible on the two platforms. The experimental results revealed that the recovered IOPs of aerial images should be fixed during the BA. However, when the tie points of the terrestrial images are comprehensively distributed in the image space and the aerial image networks are sufficiently stable, refining the IOPs of the terrestrial cameras during the BA may improve the co-registration accuracy. Otherwise, fixing the IOPs is the best solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14091969","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1650414163000},"page":"1969","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Optimal Self-Calibration Strategies in the Combined Bundle Adjustment of Aerial\u2013Terrestrial Integrated Images"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Linfu","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen 518060, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-2208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoming","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Renzhong","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Yeting","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqiong","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]},{"given":"Weixi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Smart Cities, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Shenzhen University & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Urban Informatics & Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Spatial Smart Sensing and Services, Shenzhen 518060, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, S., Jiang, W., and Wang, L. 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