{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,28]],"date-time":"2026-01-28T21:05:33Z","timestamp":1769634333612,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thousands of chemical analyses are carried out annually with the aim of recommending soil correction; however, these analyses are expensive, destructive, time-consuming, and can be harmful to the environment. As an alternative to conventional analysis methods, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy has been proposed as an option for evaluating the chemical characteristics of soil. The selection of variables has also emerged as an alternative to improve the performance of PLSR (partial least squares regression), as it decreases the root mean square error (RMSE) and increases the accuracy of the models. However, few studies have used a previous selection of variables for the construction of PLSR models to estimate the chemical characteristics of soil. In this context, the hypothesis in this study was that it is possible to calculate the liming recommendation in Oxisol based on the chemical characteristics estimated by PLSR, with a previous selection of variables using iPLS (Interval PLS). The objective was to calculate the need for liming based on chemical characteristics estimated via iPLS selection and PLSR modeling of specific wavelengths of soil reflectance. The experimental area was treated with different application rates of limestone, with and without incorporation, and phosphogypsum was applied in additional treatments. Soil assessments were carried out 5, 12, 24, and 36 months after the application of the treatments, using six layers: 0.00\u20130.05, 0.05\u20130.10, 0.10\u20130.20, 0.20\u20130.30, 0.30\u20130.40 and 0.40\u20130.60 m. Samples were subjected to conventional laboratory analyses, and spectral readings (400\u20132500 nm) were obtained with a spectroradiometer. The spectral curves were subjected to the iPLS variable selection method to generate PLSR models of the chemical characteristics used to calculate the liming recommendation. The chemical characteristics of the soil, such as Ca2+, sum of bases (SB), effective cation exchange capacity (CTCe), cation exchange capacity (CTC), and base saturation (BS), could be estimated, with values of R2 ranging from 0.83 to 0.92 in the calibration and validation steps, and from 0.84 to 0.90 for the prediction step (in the fourth assessment). The liming recommendation calculated based on the chemical characteristics predicted from the PLSR models showed a strong correlation (r &gt; 0.86) with the liming recommendation calculated by conventional laboratory techniques. The fourth soil assessment yielded the best correlation coefficient (r = 0.95).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14091972","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:22:43Z","timestamp":1650414163000},"page":"1972","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Spectral Method for Liming Recommendation in Oxisol Based on the Prediction of Chemical Characteristics Using Interval Partial Least Squares Regression"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6904-8967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Glaucio Leboso Alemparte Abrantes","family":"dos Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcos Renan","family":"Besen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Renato Herrig","family":"Furlanetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lu\u00eds Guilherme Teixeira","family":"Crusiol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Agricultural Remote Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture\/CAAS-CIAT Joint Laboratory in Advanced Technologies for Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7661-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marlon","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amanda Silveira","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karym Mayara","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolina Fedrigo","family":"Coneglian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7338-2666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roney Berti","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6233-192X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcelo Augusto","family":"Batista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4854-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos Rafael","family":"Nanni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agronomy, State University of Maring\u00e1 (UEM), Maring\u00e1 87020-900, PR, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Malavolta, E. 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