{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T01:26:43Z","timestamp":1773451603510,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]],"date-time":"2022-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650412800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There is no doubt that chaotic systems are still attractive issues in various radar applications and communication systems. In this paper, we present a new 0.3 GHz mono-static microwave chaotic radar. It includes a chaotic system based on a time-delay to generate and process frequency modulated (FM) waveforms. Such a radar is designed to extract high-resolution information from the targets. To generate a continuous FM signal, the chaotic signal is first modulated using the voltage control oscillator (VCO). Next, the correct value for the loop gain (G) is carefully set when utilizing the Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) at the receiver, so that the instantaneous frequency that reflects a chaotic state variable can be reliably recovered. In this system, the PLL synchronization and radar correlation are enough to recover the echo signal and detect the target. The finding indicates that the system can be implemented with no need to use the complete self-synchronization or complex projective synchronization schemes as compared to the existing chaotic radar systems. The simulation results show that the short-time cross-correlation of the transmitted and reconstructed waveforms is good and satisfactory to detect the target under various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels and with less complexity in the design.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14091984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T03:46:11Z","timestamp":1650512771000},"page":"1984","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Synchronization of Monostatic Radar Using a Time-Delayed Chaos-Based FM Waveform"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Mariam H.","family":"Abd","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering Works, Infrastructure Directorate, Al Nasiriya 64001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0687-3019","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghaida A.","family":"Al-Suhail","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah 61001, Iraq"}]},{"given":"Fadhil R.","family":"Tahir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah 61001, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6542-7783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed M.","family":"Ali Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics Techniques, Babylon Technical Institute, Al-Furat Al-Awsat Technical University, Babylon 51001, Iraq"}]},{"given":"Hamza A.","family":"Abbood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Production Department, Petro China International Iraq, FZE Iraq Branch, Maysan 62008, Iraq"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9651-6487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kia","family":"Dashtipour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5852-1955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sajjad Shaukat","family":"Jamal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maathematics, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6289-8248","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jawad","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Computing, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"013101","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4772970","article-title":"Chaotic Dynamics of a Frequency-Modulated Microwave Oscillator with Time-Delayed Feedback","volume":"23","author":"Dao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chaos Interdiscip. 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