{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:41:13Z","timestamp":1760139673339,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Wenyi Fan","award":["National Natural Science Foundation of China (contract no. 31971654) and the Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Project (contract no. D040114)."],"award-info":[{"award-number":["National Natural Science Foundation of China (contract no. 31971654) and the Civil Aerospace Technology Advance Research Project (contract no. D040114)."]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Forest height inversion with Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (PolInSAR) has become a research hotspot in the field of radar remote sensing. In this paper, we systematically studied a modified two-step, three-stage inversion simulating the L-band (L = 23 cm) full-polarization interferometric SAR data with an average forest height of 18 m using ESA PolSARpro-SIM software. We applied this method to E-SAR L-band single-baseline full PolInSAR data in 2003. In the first step, we modified the three-stage inversion algorithm based on phase diversity (PD)\/maximum coherence difference (MCD) coherence optimization methods, corresponding to PD, MCD, respectively. In the second step, we introduced the coherence amplitude inversion term and modified the fixed weight to the variable of \u03b5 times the ground scattering ratio, which improved the accuracy of forest height inversion. The mean of forest height inversion by the HV method was the lowest (15.83 m) and the RMSE was the largest (4.80 m). The PD method was superior to the HV method with RMSE (4.60 m). The MCD method was slightly better than using the PD method with the smallest RMSE (4.43 m). After adding the coherence amplitude term, the RMSE was improved by 0.15 m, 0.14 m, and 0.08 m, respectively. The smallest RMSE was obtained by MCD, followed by the PD and HV methods. Although the robustness of the forest height inversion algorithm was reduced, the underestimation was improved and the RMSE was reduced. Due to the complexity of the real SAR E-SAR L-band single-baseline full PolInSAR data and the small sample sizes, the three-stage inversion methods based on coherent optimization were lower than the three-stage in-version method. After introducing the coherent magnitude term, the overestimation of the forest height was significantly weakened in HVWeight, PDweight, and MCDWeight, and PDWeight was optimal. The modified two-step, three-stage inversion algorithm had significant effects in alleviating forest height underestimation and overestimation, improving the accuracy of forest height inversion, and laying a foundation for the upcoming L-band SAR satellite generation, new SAR and LIDAR systems combined with RPAs (remotely piloted aircrafts)\/UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicles) for small areas mapping initiatives, and promoting the depth and breadth of the SAR applications of the new SAR system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14091986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:45:21Z","timestamp":1650761121000},"page":"1986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Modified Two-Steps Three-Stage Inversion Algorithm for Forest Height Inversion Using Single-Baseline L-Band PolInSAR Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4379-6697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianshuang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yangjian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenyi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Liyuan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4305-3271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ying","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuegang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.872356","article-title":"Predicting backscatter-biomass and height-biomass trends using a macroecology model","volume":"44","author":"Woodhouse","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. 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