{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T11:23:48Z","timestamp":1767612228128,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Guangdong Provincial Department of Science and Technology, China","award":["2019QN01G107","2019ZT08G090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019QN01G107","2019ZT08G090"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["41975053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41975053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Globally consistent long-term radar measurements are imperative for understanding the global climatology and potential trends of convection. This study investigates the consistency of vertical profiles of reflectivity (VPR) and 20-dBZ echo-top height (Topht20) between the two precipitation radars onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellites. Results show that VPR coincidently observed by the TRMM\u2019s and GPM\u2019s Ku-band radar agree well for both convective and stratiform precipitation, although certain discrepancies exist in the VPR of weak convection. Topht20s of the TRMM and GPM are consistent either for coincident events, or latitudinal mean during the 7-month common period, all with biases within the radar range resolution (0.1\u20130.2 km). The largest difference in the Topht20 between the TRMM\u2019s and GPM\u2019s Ku-band radar occurs in shallow precipitation. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed, including sidelobe clutter, beam-mismatch, non-uniform beam filling, and insufficient sampling. Finally, a 23-year (1998\u20132020) climatology of Topht20 has been constructed from the two spaceborne radars, and the global mean Topht20 time series shows no significant trend in convective depth during the last two decades.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14091987","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:45:21Z","timestamp":1650761121000},"page":"1987","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Consistency of Vertical Reflectivity Profiles and Echo-Top Heights between Spaceborne Radars Onboard TRMM and GPM"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Ji","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"}]},{"given":"Weixin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519082, China"},{"name":"Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Climate Change and Natural Disaster Studies, Guangzhou 510275, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9795-3064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haonan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth System Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2021-013","article-title":"The Synoptically-Influenced Extreme Precipitation Systems over Asian-Australian Monsoon Region Observed by TRMM Precipitation Radar","volume":"99","author":"Jian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021GL095485","DOI":"10.1029\/2021GL095485","article-title":"How Many Types of Severe Hailstorm Environments Are There Globally?","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peterson, M.J., Lang, T.J., Logan, T., Kiong, C.W., Gijben, M., Holle, R., Kolmasova, I., Marisaldi, M., Montanya, J., and Pawar, S.D. (2022). New WMO Certified Megaflash Lightning Extremes for Flash Distance (768 km) and Duration (17.01 seconds) Recorded from Space. Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc.","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-21-0254.1"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2010.10.008","article-title":"Modeling shallow landslides and river bed variation associated with extreme rainfall-runoff events in a granitoid mountainous forested catchment in Japan","volume":"125","author":"Mouri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2978","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.4187","article-title":"Changes in heavy precipitation and floods in the upstream of the Beijiang River basin, South China","volume":"35","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1002\/2015RG000488","article-title":"The variable nature of convection in the tropics and subtropics: A legacy of 16 years of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission satellite","volume":"53","author":"Houze","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev. Geophys."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1990)029<1232:AATETH>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An algorithm to estimate the heating budget from vertical hydrometeor profiles","volume":"29","author":"Tao","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"D23104","article-title":"Global distribution of convection penetrating the tropical tropopause","volume":"110","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2019JD032003","DOI":"10.1029\/2019JD032003","article-title":"Climatology and Detection of Overshooting Convection From 4 Years of GPM Precipitation Radar and Passive Microwave Observations","volume":"125","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1542","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL016820","article-title":"Transport of forest fire smoke above the tropopause by supercell convection","volume":"30","author":"Fromm","year":"2003","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-16-0067.1","article-title":"Severe Convective Storms in Europe: Ten Years of Research and Education at the European Severe Storms Laboratory","volume":"98","author":"Groenemeijer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.1029\/2019GL082414","article-title":"Extreme Convective Storms Over High-Latitude Continental Areas Where Maximum Warming Is Occurring","volume":"46","author":"Houze","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Wuebbles,  D.J., Fahey, D.W., Hibbard, K.A., Dokken, D.J., Stewart, B.C., and Maycock, T.K. (2017). Executive summary. Climate Science Special Report, U.S. Global Change Research Program. Available online: https:\/\/dr.lib.iastate.edu\/handle\/20.500.12876\/5081."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1175\/2009BAMS2808.1","article-title":"Utilizing Total Lightning Information to Diagnose Convective Trends","volume":"91","author":"Darden","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wace.2016.01.001","article-title":"Detection and attribution of climate extremes in the observed record","volume":"11","author":"Easterling","year":"2016","journal-title":"Weather. Clim. Extrem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2016.05.040","article-title":"Trends in flash flood events versus convective precipitation in the Mediterranean region: The case of Catalonia","volume":"541","author":"Llasat","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2008.05.016","article-title":"Will a drier climate result in more lightning?","volume":"91","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259100","article-title":"Projected increase in lightning strikes in the United States due to global warming","volume":"346","author":"Romps","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0477(1996)077<1179:DMCSBT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Defining Mesoscale Convective Systems by Their 85-GHz Ice-Scattering Signatures","volume":"77","author":"Mohr","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1175\/2010JAMC2506.1","article-title":"Relating Passive 37-GHz Scattering to Radar Profiles in Strong Convection","volume":"50","author":"Cecil","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI4023.1","article-title":"Global Distribution of Tropical Deep Convection: Different Perspectives from TRMM Infrared and Radar Data","volume":"20","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Climate"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1998)015<0809:TTRMMT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Sensor Package","volume":"15","author":"Kummerow","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-D-13-00164.1","article-title":"The Global Precipitation Measurement Mission","volume":"95","author":"Hou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1057","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-87-8-1057","article-title":"Where are the most intense thunderstorms on earth?","volume":"87","author":"Zipser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L07802","DOI":"10.1029\/2012GL051242","article-title":"Properties of deep convection in tropical continental, monsoon, and oceanic rainfall regimes","volume":"39","author":"Xu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6213","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms7213","article-title":"Weak linkage between the heaviest rainfall and tallest storms","volume":"6","author":"Hamada","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2020GL088437","DOI":"10.1029\/2020GL088437","article-title":"Spatial Variability and Linkage between Extreme Convections and Extreme Precipitation Revealed by 22-Year Space-Borne Precipitation Radar Data","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2702","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR3200.1","article-title":"Storm Morphology and Rainfall Characteristics of TRMM Precipitation Features","volume":"134","author":"Nesbitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL063776","article-title":"The global distribution of largest, deepest, and most intense precipitation systems","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2019-058","article-title":"The Detection of Mesoscale Convective Systems by the GPM Ku-Band Spaceborne Radar","volume":"97","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Japan. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2021JD035264","DOI":"10.1029\/2021JD035264","article-title":"Properties of Mesoscale Convective Systems Throughout Their Lifetimes Using IMERG, GPM, WWLLN, and a Simplified Tracking Algorithm","volume":"126","author":"Hayden","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JD018409","article-title":"Regional variation of morphology of organized convection in the tropics and subtropics","volume":"118","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1389","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.106","article-title":"Monsoon convection in the Himalayan region as seen by the TRMM Precipitation Radar","volume":"133","author":"Houze","year":"2007","journal-title":"Quart. J. Roy. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2712","DOI":"10.1175\/2008JAMC1890.1","article-title":"A Cloud and Precipitation Feature Database from Nine Years of TRMM Observations","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Clim."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1577","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00177.1","article-title":"Precipitation and Convective Characteristics of Summer Deep Convection over East Asia Observed by TRMM","volume":"141","author":"Xu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1175\/JAS-D-18-0243.1","article-title":"Ice Microphysical Properties near the Tops of Deep Convective Cores Implied by the GPM Dual-Frequency Radar Observations","volume":"76","author":"Ni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JAS3132.1","article-title":"Characteristics of Deep Tropical and Subtropical Convection from Nadir-Viewing High-Altitude Airborne Doppler Radar","volume":"67","author":"Heymsfield","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022552","article-title":"Vertical structure of cumulonimbus towers and intense convective clouds over the South Asian region during the summer monsoon season","volume":"120","author":"Bhat","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5575","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-13-00315.1","article-title":"TRMM-Observed Shallow versus Deep Convection in the Eastern Pacific Related to Large-Scale Circulations in Reanalysis Datasets","volume":"27","author":"Yokoyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-11-00134.1","article-title":"The Relationship between Tropical Cyclone Intensity Change and the Strength of Inner-Core Convection","volume":"140","author":"Jiang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-12-00291.1","article-title":"Global Distribution of Hot Towers in Tropical Cyclones Based on 11-Yr TRMM Data","volume":"26","author":"Tao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2003)60<1297:AIOTGM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An Investigation of Turbulence Generation Mechanisms above Deep Convection","volume":"60","author":"Lane","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1002\/2014JD022934","article-title":"Evolution of precipitation and convective echo top heights observed by TRMM radar over the Indian Ocean during DYNAMO","volume":"120","author":"Powell","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7363","DOI":"10.1175\/JCLI-D-18-0091.1","article-title":"Convective Variability Associated with the Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillation in the South China Sea Region","volume":"31","author":"Xu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, J., Tang, G., and Hong, Y. (2017). Similarities and Improvements of GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR) upon TRMM Precipitation Radar (PR) in Global Precipitation Rate Estimation, Type Classification and Vertical Profiling. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9111142"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3835","DOI":"10.1002\/2016WR019961","article-title":"Similarities and differences between three coexisting spaceborne radars in global rainfall and snowfall estimation","volume":"53","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water Resour. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seto, S. (2022). Examining the consistency of precipitation rate estimates between the TRMM and GPM Ku-band radars. Sola, advpub.","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2022-009"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13665","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-93006-0","article-title":"Recent decadal enhancement of Meiyu-Baiu heavy rainfall over East Asia","volume":"11","author":"Takahashi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"JAXA (2022, April 10). TRMM_Product_List_V6_20181004. 2018, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 8. Available online: https:\/\/gportal.jaxa.jp\/gpr\/assets\/mng_upload\/TRMM_GPMFormat\/TRMM_Product_List.pdf."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-14-00065.1","article-title":"Intercomparison of Attenuation Correction Methods for the GPM Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar","volume":"32","author":"Seto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Iguchi, T., Seto, S., Meneghini, R., Yoshida, N., Awaka, J., Le, M., Chandrasekar, V., Brodzik, S., Kubota, T., and Takahashi, N. (2022, April 10). GPM\/DPR Level-2 Algorithm Theoretical Basis Document in V07A. 2021, 238. Available online: https:\/\/www.eorc.jaxa.jp\/GPM\/doc\/algorithm\/ATBD_DPR_V07A.pdf."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2020.3039978","article-title":"Calibration of the Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar Onboard the Global Precipitation Measurement Core Observatory","volume":"60","author":"Masaki","year":"2022","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.2015-004","article-title":"Early Evaluation of Ku- and Ka-Band Sensitivities for the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (DPR)","volume":"11","author":"Toyoshima","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_54","unstructured":"JAXA (2022, April 10). GPM_data_util_handbook_V6_20181004_E. 2018, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency: Japan, 115. Available online: https:\/\/www.eorc.jaxa.jp\/TRMM\/documents\/PR_algorithm_product_information\/doc_pr_v8\/GPM_data_util_handbook_V6_20181004_E.pdf."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Awaka, J. (1998, January 22\u201325). Early results on rain type classification by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Precipitation Radar. Proceedings of the URSI-F Open Symposion on Wave Propagation and Remote Sensing, Aveiro, Portugal. Available online: https:\/\/ci.nii.ac.jp\/naid\/10025262166\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.87A.31","article-title":"TRMM PR Standard Algorithm 2A23 and its Performance on Bright Band Detection","volume":"87A","author":"Awaka","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-17-0120.1","article-title":"Detection of Intense Ice Precipitation with GPM\/DPR","volume":"35","author":"Iguchi","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Turk, F.J., Ringerud, S.E., Camplani, A., Casella, D., Chase, R.J., Ebtehaj, A., Gong, J., Kulie, M., Liu, G., and Milani, L. (2021). Applications of a CloudSat-TRMM and CloudSat-GPM Satellite Coincidence Dataset. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122264"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0097.1","article-title":"Improvements in Detection of Light Precipitation with the Global Precipitation Measurement Dual-Frequency Precipitation Radar (GPM DPR)","volume":"33","author":"Hamada","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-15-0202.1","article-title":"A Statistical Method for Reducing Sidelobe Clutter for the Ku-Band Precipitation Radar on board the GPM Core Observatory","volume":"33","author":"Kubota","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2362","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.837334","article-title":"Estimation and correction of beam mismatch of the precipitation Radar after an orbit boost of the tropical rainfall measuring mission Satellite","volume":"42","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7161","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2019.2911990","article-title":"Improvements in the Beam-Mismatch Correction of Precipitation Radar Data After the TRMM Orbit Boost","volume":"57","author":"Kanemaru","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/1987\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T22:58:02Z","timestamp":1760137082000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/1987"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14091987"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14091987","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]}}}