{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T05:02:27Z","timestamp":1768712547957,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]],"date-time":"2022-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650499200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42071351"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42071351"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0608501;2017YFB0504204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0608501;2017YFB0504204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Talend recruited program of the Chinese Academy of Science","award":["Y938091"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Y938091"]}]},{"name":"Project supported discipline innovation team of Liaoning Technical University","award":["LNTU20TD-23"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LNTU20TD-23"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surface albedo, as a key parameter determining the partition of solar radiation at the Earth\u2019s surface, has been developed into a satellite-based product from various Earth observation systems to serve numerous global or regional applications. Studies point out that apparent uncertainty can be introduced into albedo retrieval without consideration of surface anisotropy, which is a challenge to albedo estimation especially from observations with fewer angular samplings. Researchers have begun to introduce smoothed anisotropy prior knowledge into albedo estimation to improve the inversion efficiency, or for the scenario of observations with signal or poor angular sampling. Thus, it is necessary to further understand the potential influence of smoothed anisotropy features adopted in albedo estimation. We investigated the albedo variation induced by BRDF smoothing at both temporal and spatial scales over six typical landscapes in North America using MODIS standard anisotropy products with high quality BRDF inversed from multi-angle observations in 500 m and 5.6 km spatial resolutions. Components of selected typical landscapes were assessed with the confidence of the MCD12 land cover product and 30 m CDL (cropland data layer) classification maps followed by an evaluation of spatial heterogeneity in 30 m scale through the semi-variogram model. High quality BRDF of MODIS standard anisotropy products were smoothed in multi-temporal scales of 8 days, 16 days, and 32 days, and in multi-spatial scales from 500 m to 5.6 km. The induced relative and absolute albedo differences were estimated using the RossThick-LiSparseR model and BRDFs smoothed before and after spatiotemporal smoothing. Our results show that albedo estimated using BRDFs smoothed temporally from daily to monthly over each scenario exhibits relative differences of 11.3%, 12.5%, and 27.2% and detectable absolute differences of 0.025, 0.012, and 0.013, respectively, in MODIS near-infrared (0.7\u20135.0 \u00b5m), short-wave (0.3\u20135.0 \u00b5m), and visible (0.3\u20130.7 \u00b5m) broad bands. When BRDFs of investigated landscapes are smoothed from 500 m to 5.6 km, variations of estimated albedo can achieve up to 36.5%, 37.1%, and 94.7% on relative difference and absolute difference of 0.037, 0.024, and 0.018, respectively, in near-infrared (0.7\u20135.0 \u00b5m), short wave (0.3\u20135.0 \u00b5m), and visible (0.3\u20130.7 \u00b5m) broad bands. In addition, albedo differences caused by temporal smoothing show apparent seasonal characteristic that the differences are significantly higher in spring and summer than those in autumn and winter, while albedo differences induced by spatial smoothing exhibit a noticeable relationship with sill values of a fitted semi-variogram marked by a correlation coefficient of 0.8876. Both relative and absolute albedo differences induced by BRDF smoothing are demonstrated to be captured, thus, it is necessary to avoid the smoothing process in quantitative remote sensing communities, especially when immediate anisotropy retrievals are available at the required spatiotemporal scale.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,24]],"date-time":"2022-04-24T00:45:21Z","timestamp":1650761121000},"page":"2001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Impact of BRDF Spatiotemporal Smoothing on Land Surface Albedo Estimation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Mapping and Geographic Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"},{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Yanmin","family":"Shuai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"},{"name":"University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China"},{"name":"Research Center for Ecology and Environment of Central Asia, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, China"}]},{"given":"Junbo","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Mapping and Geographic Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3923-6056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donghui","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Remote Sensing Science, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China"}]},{"given":"Qingling","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}]},{"given":"Ruishan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Surveying and Mapping and Geographic Science, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2687(08)60176-4","article-title":"Land surface processes and climate\u2014Surface albedos and energy balance","volume":"Volume 25","author":"Dickinson","year":"1983","journal-title":"Advances in Geophysics"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"D04104","article-title":"Partitioning the solar radiant fluxes in forest canopies in the presence of snow","volume":"113","author":"Pinty","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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