{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T20:49:04Z","timestamp":1774903744853,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008530","name":"European Regional Development Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RTI2018-095076-B-C21"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RTI2018-095076-B-C21"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008530","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Institute of Cosmos Sciences University of Barcelona","award":["CEX2019-000918-M"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CEX2019-000918-M"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish State Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-114322RBI00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-114322RBI00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Spanish State Research Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-105717RB- C22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105717RB- C22"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018694","name":"Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["658358"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["658358"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018694","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Catalan Government Excellence Research Groups Grant","award":["2017 SGR 315"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017 SGR 315"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the past decade, Multibeam Echosounders (MBES) have become one of the most used techniques in sea exploration. Modern MBES are capable of acquiring both bathymetric information on the seafloor and the reflectivity of the seafloor and water column. Water column imaging MBES surveys acquire significant amounts of data with rates that can exceed several GB\/h depending on the ping rate. These large file sizes obtained from recording the full water column backscatter make remote transmission difficult if not prohibitive with current technology and bandwidth limitations. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to decorrelate water column and bathymetry data, focusing on the KMALL format released by Kongsberg Maritime in 2019. The pre-processing stage is integrated into FAPEC, a data compressor originally designed for space missions. Here, we test the algorithm with three different datasets: two of them provided by Kongsberg Maritime and one dataset from the Gulf of Mexico provided by Fugro USA Marine. We show that FAPEC achieves good compression ratios at high speeds using the pre-processing stage proposed in this paper. We also show the advantages of FAPEC over other lossless compressors as well as the quality of the reconstructed water column image after lossy compression at different levels. Lastly, we test the performance of the pre-processing stage, without the constraint of an entropy encoder, by means of the histograms of the original samples and the prediction errors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092063","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,26]],"date-time":"2022-04-26T02:14:39Z","timestamp":1650939279000},"page":"2063","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Compression of Multibeam Echosounders Bathymetry and Water Column Data"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5600-8541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aniol","family":"Mart\u00ed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"DAPCOM Data Services, Vilabella Centre de Negocis, Vilabella 5-7, E-08500 Vic, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8886-8925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Portell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DAPCOM Data Services, Vilabella Centre de Negocis, Vilabella 5-7, E-08500 Vic, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Ci\u00e8ncies del Cosmos (ICCUB), Universitat de Barcelona (IEEC-UB), Mart\u00ed i Franqu\u00e8s 1, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6248-5512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Amblas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GRC Geoci\u00e8ncies Marines, Departament de Din\u00e0mica de la Terra i de l\u2019Oce\u00e0, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), E-08028 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-780X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferran","family":"de Cabrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing and Communications Group (SPCOM), Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7032-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marc","family":"Vil\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing and Communications Group (SPCOM), Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5515-8169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaume","family":"Riba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Signal Processing and Communications Group (SPCOM), Departament de Teoria del Senyal i Comunicacions, Universitat Polit\u00e8cnica de Catalunya (UPC), E-08034 Barcelona, Spain"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6322-9302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garrett","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fugro USA Marine Inc., 6100 Hillcroft Avenue, Houston, TX 77081, USA"},{"name":"Center for Coastal and Ocean Mapping, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecss.2014.04.002","article-title":"A review of oceanographic applications of water column data from multibeam echosounders","volume":"145","author":"Colbo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Estuar. 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