{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T23:42:43Z","timestamp":1771026163790,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Planned Science-Technology Project of Inner Mongolia, China","award":["2021GG0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0050"]}]},{"name":"Planned Science-Technology Project of Inner Mongolia, China","award":["41801102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801102"]}]},{"name":"Planned Science-Technology Project of Inner Mongolia, China","award":["MK0199A122021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MK0199A122021"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021GG0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0050"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["41801102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801102"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["MK0199A122021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MK0199A122021"]}]},{"name":"IWHR Research and Development Support Program","award":["2021GG0050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021GG0050"]}]},{"name":"IWHR Research and Development Support Program","award":["41801102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["41801102"]}]},{"name":"IWHR Research and Development Support Program","award":["MK0199A122021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MK0199A122021"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Grassland classification is crucial for grassland management. One commonly used method utilizes remote sensing vegetation indices (VIs) to map grassland classes at various scales. However, most grassland classifications were conducted as case studies in a small area due to lack of field data sources. At a small scale, classification is reliable; however, great uncertainty emerges when extended to other areas. In this study, large amounts of field observations (more than 30,000 aerial photos) were obtained using unmanned aerial vehicle photography in Inner Mongolia, China, during the peak period of grassland growth in 2018 and 2019. Then, four machine learning classification algorithms were constructed based on characteristic indices of MODIS NDVI in the growing season to map grassland classes of Inner Mongolia. Finally, the spatial distribution and temporal variation of temperate grassland classes were analyzed. Results showed that: (1) Among all characteristic indices, the maximum, average, and sum of MODIS NDVI from July to September during 2015 to 2019 greatly affected grassland classification. (2) The random forest method exhibited the best performance with overall accuracy and kappa coefficient being 72.17% and 0.62, respectively. (3) Compared with the grassland class mapped in the 1980s, 30.98% of grassland classes have been transformed. Our study provides a technological basis for effective and accurate classification of the temperate steppe class and a theoretical foundation for sustainable development and restoration of the temperate steppe ecosystem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092094","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]],"date-time":"2022-04-27T22:20:20Z","timestamp":1651098020000},"page":"2094","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Mapping Grassland Classes Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and MODIS NDVI Data for Temperate Grassland in Inner Mongolia, China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5732-0094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baoping","family":"Meng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1829-3572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yuzhuo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2879-2057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhigui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Lv","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9464-3442","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianjun","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Geomatics and Geoinformation, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin 541004, China"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"given":"Huifang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3606-1449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huilin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"given":"Jianguo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Mingzhu","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China"}]},{"given":"Jinrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yinshanbeilu National Field Research Station of Desert Steppe Eco-Hydrological System, Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing 100038, China"}]},{"given":"Hongyan","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qinghai Service and Guarantee Center of Qilian Mountain National Park, Xining 810001, China"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Urban Environment, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China"}]},{"given":"Shuhua","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Fragile Eco-Environment, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"},{"name":"School of Geographic Science, Nantong University, Nantong 226007, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1071\/RJ08002","article-title":"A grassland classification system and its application in China","volume":"30","author":"Ren","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rangeland J."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jacobsen, A., Nielsen, A.A., Ejrn\u00e6s, R., and Groom, G.B. 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