{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:08:03Z","timestamp":1760227683763,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2018YFC1507302","FY-APP-2021.0201","202110300090Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507302","FY-APP-2021.0201","202110300090Y"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fengyun Application Pioneering Project","award":["2018YFC1507302","FY-APP-2021.0201","202110300090Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507302","FY-APP-2021.0201","202110300090Y"]}]},{"name":"NUIST Students\u2019 Platform for Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program","award":["2018YFC1507302","FY-APP-2021.0201","202110300090Y"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018YFC1507302","FY-APP-2021.0201","202110300090Y"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit-A (AMSU-A) and Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) data have been widely assimilated in operational forecasting systems. However, effective distinction between cloudy and clear-sky data is still an essential prerequisite for the assimilation of microwave observations. Cloud detection over the Tibetan Plateau has long been a challenge owing to the influence of low temperatures, terrain height, surface vegetation, and inaccurate background fields. Based on the variations in the response characteristics of different channels of AMSU-A to clouds, five AMSU-A window and low-peaking channels (channels 1\u20134 and 15) are chosen to establish a cloud detection index. Combined with the existing MHS cloud detection index, a cloud detection scheme over the Tibetan Plateau is proposed. Referring to VISSR-II (Stretched Visible and Infrared Spin Scan Radiometer-II) and CALIPSO (The Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation) cloud classification products, the detection rate of cloudy data and the rejection rate of clear-sky data under different cloud index thresholds are evaluated. Results show that the new cloud detection scheme can identify more than 80% of cloudy data on average, but this decreases to 72% for area with terrain higher than 5 km, and the false deletion rate remains stable at 45%. The detection rates of mixed clouds and cumulonimbus are higher than 90%, but it is lower than 50% for altostratus with an altitude of about 7\u20138 km. Comparative analysis shows that the new method is more suitable for areas with terrain higher than 700 m. Based on the cloud detection results, the effects of terrain height on the characteristics of observation error and bias are also discussed for AMSU-A channels 5 and 6.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092116","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T22:20:06Z","timestamp":1651184406000},"page":"2116","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Development and Evaluation of AMSU-A Cloud Detection over the Tibetan Plateau"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2060-5245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiawen","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1172-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhengkun","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"},{"name":"Centre of Data Assimilation for Research and Application, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth System Modeling and Prediction Centre, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Meteorological, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100081, China"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Data Assimilation for Research and Application, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1007\/s11430-012-4379-2","article-title":"An assessment of summer sensible heat flux on the Tibetan Plateau from eight data sets","volume":"55","author":"Zhu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. China Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1175\/2007JCLI1463.1","article-title":"Calibrating and evaluating reanalysis surface temperature error by topographic correction","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clim."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD005230","article-title":"Climate change and variability using European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA-40) temperatures on the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"110","author":"Frauenfeld","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376-006-0593-1","article-title":"Comparison of products from ERA-40, NCEP-2, and CRU with station data for summer precipitation over China","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Adv. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"5102","article-title":"Evaluation of multireanalysis products with in situ observations over the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"117","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ma, L., Zhang, T., Frauenfeld, O.W., Ye, B., Yang, D., and Qin, D. (2009). Evaluation of precipitation from the ERA-40, NCEP-1, and NCEP-2 Reanalyses and CMAP-1, CMAP-2, and GPCP-2 with ground-based measurements in China. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD011178"},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"278","article-title":"An intercomparison between NCEP reanalysis and observed data over China","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"14","article-title":"Preliminary comparison and analysis between ERA-40, NCEP-2 reanalysis and observations over China","volume":"11","author":"Zhao","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clim. Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2010.01.020","article-title":"Relationship between temperature trend magnitude, elevation and mean temperature in the Tibetan Plateau from homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data","volume":"71","author":"You","year":"2010","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3512","article-title":"Variability of temperature in the Tibetan Plateau based on homogenized surface stations and reanalysis data","volume":"33","author":"You","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"1427","article-title":"Assimilation of TOVS radiance information through one-dimensional variational analysis","volume":"119","author":"Eyre","year":"1993","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"903","article-title":"Scientific issues and perspective of assimilation of meteorological satellite data","volume":"67","author":"Jishan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Meteorol. Sin."},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Eyre, J. (2007, January 3\u20137). Progress achieved on assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction over the last 30 years. Proceedings of the ECMWF Seminar Proceedings: Recent Developments in Use of Satellite Observations in Numerical Weather Prediction, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.83.201","article-title":"The Assimilation of ATOVS Radiances in the JMA GIobal Analysis System","volume":"83","author":"Okamoto","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1175\/2007WAF2007010.1","article-title":"A two-season impact study of four satellite data types and rawinsonde data in the NCEP Global Data Assimilation System","volume":"23","author":"Zapotocny","year":"2008","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"631","article-title":"Adaptive bias correction for satellite data in a numerical weather prediction system","volume":"133","author":"McNally","year":"2007","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. J. Atmos. Sci. Appl. Meteorol. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-016-5076-4","article-title":"Development and initial assessment of a new land index for microwave humidity sounder cloud detection","volume":"30","author":"Qin","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"2333","article-title":"Microwave land emissivity and skin temperature for amsu-A and-B assimilation over land","volume":"132","author":"Karbou","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. J. Atmos. Sci. Appl. Meteorol. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222243.1","article-title":"Global 4DVAR assimilation and forecast experiments using AMSU observations over land. Part I: Impacts of various land surface emissivity parameterizations","volume":"25","author":"Karbou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1175\/2009WAF2222244.1","article-title":"Global 4DVAR assimilation and forecast experiments using AMSU observations over land. Part II: Impacts of assimilating surface-sensitive channels on the African monsoon during AMMA","volume":"25","author":"Karbou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Weather Forecast."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"2277","article-title":"Implementation of 1D+ 4D-Var assimilation of precipitation-affected microwave radiances at ECMWF. I: 1D-Var","volume":"132","author":"Bauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. J. Atmos. Sci. Appl. Meteorol. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2307","article-title":"Implementation of 1D+ 4D-Var assimilation of precipitation-affected microwave radiances at ECMWF. II: 4D-Var","volume":"132","author":"Bauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. J. Atmos. Sci. Appl. Meteorol. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"1214","article-title":"The direct assimilation of cloud-affected satellite infrared radiances in the ECMWF 4D-Var","volume":"135","author":"McNally","year":"2009","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. J. Atmos. Sci. Appl. Meteorol. Phys. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.905","article-title":"Satellite cloud and precipitation assimilation at operational NWP centres","volume":"137","author":"Bauer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.616","article-title":"Estimates of spatial and interchannel observation-error characteristics for current sounder radiances for numerical weather prediction. I: Methods and application to ATOVS data","volume":"136","author":"Bormann","year":"2010","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2149","DOI":"10.1175\/2009MWR3071.1","article-title":"Enhancements of satellite data assimilation over Antarctica","volume":"138","author":"Bouchard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.830","article-title":"Observation errors in all-sky data assimilation","volume":"137","author":"Geer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-14-00223.1","article-title":"Improved tropical storm forecasts with GOES-13\/15 imager radiance assimilation and asymmetric vortex initialization in HWRF","volume":"143","author":"Zou","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(2000)057<1069:ROICPU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Retrieval of ice cloud parameters using a microwave imaging radiometer","volume":"57","author":"Weng","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(2002)041<0384:ROICPU>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Retrieval of ice cloud parameters using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit","volume":"41","author":"Zhao","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Appl. Meteorol. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1007\/s13351-017-7012-7","article-title":"Liquid water path retrieval using the lowest frequency channels of Fengyun-3C Microwave Radiation Imager (MWRI)","volume":"31","author":"Tang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S1350482702002037","article-title":"Precipitation analysis using the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit in support of nowcasting applications","volume":"9","author":"Bennartz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Meteorol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"623","article-title":"Study on the assimilation of ATMS satellite data and comparison with AMSUA\/MHS","volume":"30","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Trop. Meteorol."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"English, S.J., Renshaw, R.J., Dibben, P.C., and Eyre, J.R. (1997, January 20\u201326). The AAPP module for identifying precipitation, ice cloud, liquid water and surface type on the AMSU-A grid. Proceedings of the Technical Proceedings of the 9th International TOVS Study Conference, Igls, Austria."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2669","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011665","article-title":"Precipitation characteristics over land from the NOAA-15 AMSU sensor","volume":"27","author":"Ferraro","year":"2000","journal-title":"Geophys. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-10-05012.1","article-title":"A land and ocean microwave cloud classification algorithm derived from AMSU-A and-B, trained using MSG-SEVIRI infrared and visible observations","volume":"139","author":"Aires","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14887","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900085","article-title":"A new neural network approach including first guess for retrieval of atmospheric water vapor, cloud liquid water path, surface temperature, and emissivities over land from satellite microwave observations","volume":"106","author":"Aires","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2004.837503","article-title":"Microwave land emissivity calculations using AMSU measurements","volume":"43","author":"Karbou","year":"2005","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Z., Li, J., and Qin, Z. (2021). Development and Evaluation of a New Method for AMSU-A Cloud Detection over Land. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13183646"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Geer, A.J., Bauer, P., and English, S.J. (2012). Assimilating AMSU-A Temperature Sounding Channels in the Presence of Cloud and Precipitation, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16715","DOI":"10.1029\/97JD01210","article-title":"Special sensor microwave imager derived global rainfall estimates for climatological applications","volume":"102","author":"Ferraro","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, D., Wang, Z., Liu, Z., Winker, D., and Trepte, C. (2008). A height resolved global view of dust aerosols from the first year CALIPSO lidar measurements. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 113.","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JD009776"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s41748-020-00181-7","article-title":"Comparison of MODIS-and CALIPSO-derived temporal aerosol optical depth over Yellow River Basin (China) from 2007 to 2015","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Earth Syst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2310","DOI":"10.1175\/2009JTECHA1281.1","article-title":"Overview of the CALIPSO mission and CALIOP data processing algorithms","volume":"26","author":"Winker","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Ocean. Technol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3889","DOI":"10.1175\/MWR-D-12-00340.1","article-title":"Assimilating AMSU-A radiances in the TC core area with NOAA operational HWRF (2011) and a hybrid data assimilation system: Danielle (2010)","volume":"141","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.2151\/jmsj.2019-064","article-title":"Impact of AMSU-A data assimilation over high terrains on QPFs downstream of the Tibetan Plateau","volume":"97","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Meteorol. Soc. Jpn. Ser. II"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2116\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:02:56Z","timestamp":1760137376000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2116"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14092116"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14092116","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2072-4292"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]}}}