{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:09:54Z","timestamp":1760227794585,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651104000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFB0505601","41931075","41804024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB0505601","41931075","41804024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFB0505601","41931075","41804024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFB0505601","41931075","41804024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Valid multipath error model is the prerequisite for high-performance GNSS integrity monitoring. It is indispensable to civil aviation and other Safety-of-Life (SoL) users. The model must perfectly bound multipath error while preventing the constructed model from being too conservative. Nevertheless, no sound methodologies to meet both the requirements have been introduced in previous literatures, and subsequently, practices always require iterative manual trade-offs. To improve the efficiency of multipath modeling, we propose a new automatic multipath error modeling methodology. It quantifies the above requirements in the objective function of multiobjective genetic algorithm (GA) so that multipath modeling can be managed automatically. Moreover, through introducing a new model that is based on two inflation factors, conservatism of modeling results can be significantly reduced. Experiments based on a 4-month dataset of BDS-3 Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) satellites show that constructed multipath models effectively bound actual error in each elevation bin. In addition, the new model form with two inflation factors brings average CDF difference reduction of 67.4% at B1I and 50.6% at B3I, which means significantly mitigation in terms of conservatism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092130","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]],"date-time":"2022-04-28T22:20:06Z","timestamp":1651184406000},"page":"2130","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Multipath Error Modeling Methodology for GNSS Integrity Monitoring Using a Global Optimization Strategy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3190-5235","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xinqi","family":"Fang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Navigation and Communication Fusion Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2370-9680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Navigation and Communication Fusion Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chuang","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Electronic Information Engineering, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Navigation and Communication Fusion Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Navigation and Communication Fusion Technology, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China"},{"name":"Research Institute for Frontier Science, Beihang University, Xueyuan Road 37, Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziye","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The 54th Institute of China Electronics Technology Group Corporation, Zhongshanxi Road 589, Shijiazhuang 050011, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, M., Schlais, P., Murphy, T., Joseph, A., and Kazmierczak, J. 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