{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T15:39:05Z","timestamp":1772897945192,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Higher Education Commission of Pakistan","award":["SRGP-1593"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SRGP-1593"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>One-dimensional (1D) hydraulic models have been extensively used to conduct flood simulations for investigating flood depth and extent maps. However, the 1D models cannot simulate many other flood characteristics, such as flood velocity, duration, arrival time and recession time when the flow is not restricted within the channel. These flood characteristics cannot be disregarded as they play an important role in developing flood mitigation and evacuation strategies. This study formulates a two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamic model combined with remote sensing (RS) and geographic information system (GIS) approach to generate additional flood characteristic maps that cannot be produced with 1D models. The model was applied to a transboundary river of Deg Nullah in Pakistan to simulate an extreme flood event experience in 2014. The flood extent images from the moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) and observed flood extents were used to evaluate the model performance. Moreover, an entropy distance-based approach was proposed to facilitate the integrated multivariate flood vulnerability classification. The simulated 2D flood modeling results showed a good agreement with the flood extents registered by MODIS and the observed ones. The northwest parts of Deg Nullah near Seowal, Dullam Kahalwan and Zafarwal were the most vulnerable areas due to high flood depths and prolonged flooding duration. Whereas high flood velocities, short flood arrival time, prolonged flood duration and recession times were observed in the upper reach of Deg Nullah thereby making it the most susceptible, critical and vulnerable region to flooding events.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"2138","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Flood Management, Characterization and Vulnerability Analysis Using an Integrated RS-GIS and 2D Hydrodynamic Modelling Approach: The Case of Deg Nullah, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7219-8533","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ijaz","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3718-3416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuquan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7860-3037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Waseem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-2343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Zaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Irrigation and Drainage, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4308-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Farhan","family":"Aziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Climate Change and Adaptation, University of Prince Edward Island, 550 University Ave., Charlottetown, PE C1A 4P3, Canada"}]},{"given":"Rana Zain Nabi","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence in Water Resources Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore 54890, Pakistan"}]},{"given":"Muhammad","family":"Ashraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering, Khwaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan 64200, Pakistan"},{"name":"Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research, Organization Land and Water, Canberra 2601, Australia"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2020.105765","article-title":"Large-scale flood hazard assessment under climate change: A case study","volume":"147","author":"Shadmehri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. 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