{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T23:52:15Z","timestamp":1775692335403,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]],"date-time":"2022-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651190400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Graz"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drying lakes have become a new source of dust, causing severe problems in surrounding areas. From 2000 to 2017, a statistical study was conducted on Lake Urmia in Iran in the Middle East. The results indicated a significant increase in the annual number of dusty days in stations around the lake and the mean annual aerosol optical depth (AOD) at 550 nm. The sharp decrease in annual snowfall rate over the Lake Urmia area since 2007 has been linked to the lake\u2019s decreasing water level and drying. During a dust storm event from 27 October to 31 October 2017, a local dust storm originated from Lake Urmia before another large-scale dust storm originated from the An-Nafud desert. According to MODIS true-color images, dust particles were lifted from Lake Urmia and transported eastward to the Caspian Sea and the HYSPLIT model. The comparison of the four models under the Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS) revealed that the models overestimated surface dust concentrations compared to ground-based PM10 measurements. Nevertheless, the NOAA\/WRF-Chem and DREAMABOL models simulated higher dust concentrations during the dust period. More emphasis should be placed on the development of dust models for SDS-WAS models in Lake Urmia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"2145","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Analyses of a Lake Dust Source in the Middle East through Models Performance"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2089-311X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasim Hossein","family":"Hamzeh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Desert and Arid Zones Management, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad 91779-48974, Iran"}]},{"given":"Abbas","family":"Ranjbar Saadat Abadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology, Atmospheric Science & Meteorological Research Center (ASMERC), Tehran 14118-13389, Iran"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3325-0386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maggie Chel Gee","family":"Chel Gee Ooi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Climate Change, University Kembangan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Malaysia"}]},{"given":"Maral","family":"Habibi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang","family":"Sch\u00f6ner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography and Regional Science, University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middleton, N. (2019). Variability, and trends in dust storm frequency on decadal timescales: Climatic drivers and human impacts. Geosciences, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/geosciences9060261"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Goudie, A.S. (2020). Dust storms and human health. Extreme Weather Events and Human Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-23773-8_2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2016.12.001","article-title":"Desert dust hazards: A global review","volume":"24","author":"Middleton","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2013.01.042","article-title":"Aeolian dust as a transport hazard","volume":"71","author":"Baddock","year":"2013","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"012016","article-title":"Impacts of sand and dust storms on agriculture and potential agricultural applications of an SDSWS","volume":"Volume 7","author":"Stefanski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proceedings of the IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"87","article-title":"Saharan dust transport over the North Atlantic Ocean","volume":"186","author":"Schutz","year":"1981","journal-title":"Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Paper"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10453-006-9038-7","article-title":"Transport of microorganisms to Israel during Saharan dust events","volume":"22","author":"Schlesinger","year":"2006","journal-title":"Aerobiologia"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Middleton, N. (2009). Deserts: A Very Short Introduction, Oxford University Press.","DOI":"10.1093\/actrade\/9780199564309.001.0001"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8169","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-8169-2021","article-title":"Contribution of the world\u2019s main dust source regions to the global cycle of desert dust","volume":"21","author":"Kok","year":"2021","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys. Discuss."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"F04034","article-title":"Preferential dust sources: A geomorphological classification designed for use in global dust-cycle models","volume":"116","author":"Bullard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.earth.35.031306.140120","article-title":"The Aral Sea disaster","volume":"35","author":"Micklin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2015.02.004","article-title":"Dust emission and environmental changes in the dried bottom of the Aral Sea","volume":"17","author":"Indoitu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.quaint.2015.12.103","article-title":"Aeolian Dust Deposition in the Southern Aral Sea Region (Uzbekistan): Ground-based monitoring results from the LUCA project","volume":"429","author":"Opp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Quat. Int."},{"key":"ref_14","unstructured":"Hamzeh, N.H., and Karami, S. (2017). Investigation of a Severe Dust Storm over the Aral Sea Area, MegaPrint Inc."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/s40201-015-0238-3","article-title":"Characterization of saline dust emission resulted from Lake Urmia drying","volume":"13","author":"Gholampour","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"153","article-title":"Dust storms and ephemeral lakes","volume":"23","author":"Goudie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Desert"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1109\/LGRS.2019.2949132","article-title":"Desiccating Lake Urmia: A new dust source of regional importance","volume":"17","author":"Boroughani","year":"2019","journal-title":"IEEE Geosci. Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alizade Govarchin Ghale, Y., Baykara, M., and Unal, A. (2017). Analysis of decadal land cover changes and salinization in Lake Urmia Basin using remote sensing techniques. Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., 1\u201315.","DOI":"10.5194\/nhess-2017-212"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"47665","article-title":"Water-level fluctuations of Urmia Lake: Relationship with the long-term changes of meteorological variables (solutions for water-crisis management in Lake Urmia Basin)","volume":"4","author":"Zoljoodi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atmos. Clim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s10661-020-08577-8","article-title":"Trend and abrupt change analysis in water quality of Urmia Lake in comparison with changes in lake water level","volume":"192","author":"Sattari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Monitor. Assess."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1002\/2016JD025119","article-title":"Impact of Middle Eastern dust sources on PM10 in Iran: Highlighting the impact of Tigris-Euphrates basin sources and desiccation","volume":"121","author":"Sotoudeheian","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.3370060303","article-title":"The relationship of weather types to dust storm generation in Arizona (1965\u20131980)","volume":"6","author":"Brazel","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Climatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1980)037<0193:RHRFSD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Radiative heating rates for Saharan dust","volume":"37","author":"Carlson","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Atmos. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-1963(18)30865-6","article-title":"Airborne dust in the Northern Negev Desert (January\u2013December 1987): General occurrence and dust concentration measurements","volume":"18","author":"Offer","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Arid Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nickovic, S. (1996). Modeling of dust process for the Saharan and Mediterranean area. The Impact of Desert Dust across the Mediterranean, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-017-3354-0_2"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2537","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1996)124<2537:AMFLRT>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"A model for long-range transport of desert dust","volume":"124","author":"Nickovic","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7781","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-7781-2011","article-title":"Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I","volume":"11","author":"Huneeus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13001","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-11-13001-2011","article-title":"Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB\/BSC-Dust model\u2013Part 1: Model description, annual simulations and evaluation","volume":"11","author":"Haustein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20239","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD900171","article-title":"A model for mineral dust emission","volume":"106","author":"Shao","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"AAC-14","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JD000963","article-title":"Impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: Results from a model study","volume":"107","author":"Tegen","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2017.03.045","article-title":"Development of high-resolution dynamic dust source function-A case study with a strong dust storm in a regional model","volume":"159","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2006.02.002","article-title":"A numerical study of the contributions of dust source regions to the global dust budget","volume":"52","author":"Tanaka","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Change"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-021-06859-0","article-title":"Spatial and temporal variability in dust storms in the Middle East, 2002\u20132018: Three case studies in July 2009","volume":"14","author":"Hamzeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s12517-021-08382-8","article-title":"Investigation of a severe frontal dust storm over the Persian Gulf in February 2020 by CAMS model","volume":"14","author":"Karami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arab. J. Geosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D09204","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JD006207","article-title":"Transatlantic Saharan dust transport: Model simulation and results","volume":"111","author":"Kallos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gong, S.L., Zhang, X.Y., Zhao, T.L., McKendry, I.G., Jaffe, D.A., and Lu, N.M. (2003). Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia: 2. Model simulation and validation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 108.","DOI":"10.1029\/2002JD002633"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-8152(03)00114-2","article-title":"Long-term simulation of global dust distribution with the GOCART model: Correlation with North Atlantic Oscillation","volume":"19","author":"Ginoux","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Model. Softw."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yue, X., Wang, H., Wang, Z., and Fan, K. (2009). Simulation of dust aerosol radiative feedback using the Global Transport Model of Dust: 1. Dust cycle and validation. J. Geophys. Res. Atmos., 114.","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD010995"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2018.09.047","article-title":"Evaluation of the BSC-DREAM8b regional dust model using the 3D LIVAS-CALIPSO product","volume":"195","author":"Konsta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.2151\/sola.7A-004","article-title":"Comparison of surface observations and a regional dust transport model assimilated with lidar network data in Asian dust event of March 29 to April 2, 2007","volume":"7","author":"Sugimoto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sola"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2933","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-2933-2012","article-title":"Atmospheric dust modeling from meso to global scales with the online NMMB\/BSC-Dust model\u2013Part 2: Experimental campaigns in Northern Africa","volume":"12","author":"Haustein","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Chem. Phys."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2013.09.002","article-title":"The size distribution of desert dust aerosols and its impact on the Earth system","volume":"15","author":"Mahowald","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"D06206","article-title":"Intercomparison of dust prediction models in the framework of the WMO SDS-WAS programme","volume":"114","author":"Terradellas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Geophys. Res"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137100","article-title":"Spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystem services provision in a degraded ecosystem: A systematic assessment in the Urmia Lake basin, Iran","volume":"716","author":"Balkanlou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","first-page":"341","article-title":"Sustainable restoration of Lake Urmia: History, threats, opportunities, and challenges","volume":"60","author":"Soudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Water"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3283","DOI":"10.1002\/hyp.13263","article-title":"Interaction of groundwater within Lake Urmia Iran","volume":"32","author":"Vaheddoost","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hydrol. Processes"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geomorph.2009.10.004","article-title":"Characterizing spectral, spatial, and morphometric properties of landslides for semi-automatic detection using object-oriented methods","volume":"116","author":"Martha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Geomorphology"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sima, S., Ahmadalipour, A., Shafiee Jood, M., Tajrishy, M., and Abrishamchi, A. (2012, January 20\u201324). Monitoring Lake Urmia Area Variations Using MODIS Satellite Data. Proceedings of the World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2012: Crossing Boundaries, Albuquerque, NM, USA.","DOI":"10.1061\/9780784412312.192"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(2021, November 10). Available online: https:\/\/giovanni.gsfc.nasa.gov."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habibi, M., Babaeian, I., and Sch\u00f6ner, W. (2021). Changing Causes of Drought in Lake Urmia Basin\u2014Increasing Influence of Evaporation and Disappearing Snow Cover. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13223273"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170012","DOI":"10.1038\/sdata.2017.12","article-title":"A land data assimilation system for sub-Saharan Africa food and water security applications","volume":"4","author":"McNally","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_52","unstructured":"(2021, October 12). Available online: https:\/\/sds-was.aemet.es\/forecast-products\/dust-forecasts."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Basart, S., Terradellas, E., Cuevas, E., Jorba, O., Benincasa, F., and Baldasano, J.M. (2015, January 2\u201317). The Barcelona Dust Forecast Center: The first WMO regional meteorological center specialized in atmospheric sand and dust forecast. Proceedings of the EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts, Vienna, Austria."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01012","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20199901012","article-title":"Intercomparisons of some dust models over West Asia","volume":"Volume 99","author":"Nikfal","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web of Conferences"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"133","article-title":"Investigation of dust storms in Ilam and the performance analysis of simulation of 6 numerical prediction models at a severe dust storm in the west of Iran","volume":"4","author":"Karami","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Air Pollut. Health"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100679","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2021.100679","article-title":"Numerical simulations of dust storms originated from dried lakes in central and southwest Asia: The case of the Aral Sea and Sistan Basin","volume":"50","author":"Karami","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamzeh, N.H., Karami, S., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Tegen, I., Moradi, M., and Opp, C. (2021). Atmospheric dynamics and numerical simulations of six frontal dust storms in the Middle East region. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12010125"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2007.10.043","article-title":"A comprehensive performance evaluation of the air quality model BOLCHEM to reproduce the ozone concentrations over Italy","volume":"42","author":"Mircea","year":"2008","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maurizi, A., D\u2019Isidoro, M., and Mircea, M. (2010). BOLCHEM: An integrated system for atmospheric dynamics and composition. Integrated Systems of Meso-Meteorological and Chemical Transport Models, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-13980-2_8"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1256\/qj.02.112","article-title":"A case study of an orographic cyclone south of the Alps during the MAP SOP","volume":"129","author":"Buzzi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18113","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD900794","article-title":"A model for prediction of desert dust cycle in the atmosphere","volume":"106","author":"Nickovic","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22897","DOI":"10.1029\/94JD01928","article-title":"Modeling of mineral dust in the atmosphere: Sources, transport, and optical thickness","volume":"99","author":"Tegen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(2001)129<1164:AAATNM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"An alternative approach to non-hydrostatic modeling","volume":"129","author":"Janjic","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20255","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JD000053","article-title":"Sources and distributions of dust aerosols simulated with the GOCART model","volume":"106","author":"Ginoux","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12719","DOI":"10.1029\/93JD00396","article-title":"Effect of saltation bombardment on the entrainment of dust by wind","volume":"98","author":"Shao","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0493(1994)122<0927:TSMECM>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"The step-mountain eta coordinate model: Further developments of the convection, viscous sublayer, and turbulence closure schemes","volume":"122","year":"1994","journal-title":"Mon. Weather Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16415","DOI":"10.1029\/95JD00690","article-title":"Modeling the atmospheric dust cycle: 1. Design of a soil-derived dust emission scheme","volume":"100","author":"Marticorena","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2005.04.027","article-title":"Fully coupled \u201conline\u201d chemistry within the WRF model","volume":"39","author":"Grell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2020.125586","article-title":"Increasing risk of meteorological drought in the Urmia Lake basin under climate change: Introducing the precipitation\u2013temperature deciles index","volume":"592","author":"Abbasian","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hydrol."},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"667","article-title":"Spatial Mapping of Elemental Variabilities of Atmospheric Particulates throughout the Basin","volume":"45","author":"Ravan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Earth Space Phys."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-336X-12-27","article-title":"Exposure and health impacts of outdoor particulate matter in two urban and industrialized areas of Tabriz, Iran","volume":"12","author":"Gholampour","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2006.02.009","article-title":"An investigation of sand\u2013dust storm events and land surface characteristics in China using NOAA NDVI data","volume":"52","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosenv.2012.05.022","article-title":"Roles of surface wind, NDVI, and snow cover in the recent changes in Asian dust storm occurrence frequency","volume":"59","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"Atmos. Environ."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamzeh, N.H., Kaskaoutis, D.G., Rashki, A., and Mohammadpour, K.B. (2021). Long-Term Variability of Dust Events in Southwestern Iran and Its Relationship with the Drought. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12101350"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.03.148","article-title":"The Lake Urmia environmental disaster in Iran: A look at aerosol pollution","volume":"633","author":"Mardi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-019-00425-3","article-title":"Investigation of aerosol pollution across the eastern basin of Lake Urmia using satellite remote sensing data and HYSPLIT model","volume":"17","author":"Delfi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"01006","DOI":"10.1051\/e3sconf\/20199901006","article-title":"Characterization of aerosol types over the lake Urmia Basin","volume":"Volume 99","author":"Moghim","year":"2019","journal-title":"E3S Web of Conferences"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atmosres.2019.104762","article-title":"On the chemical nature of wet deposition over a major desiccated lake: A case study for the Lake Urmia basin","volume":"234","author":"Ravan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Atmos. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2019.104434","article-title":"The effect of the decreasing level of Lake Urmia on particulate matter trends and attributed health effects in Tabriz, Iran","volume":"153","author":"Dehghani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microchem. J."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100655","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2020.100655","article-title":"Dust storms in Iran\u2013Distribution, causes, frequencies, and impacts","volume":"48","author":"Rashki","year":"2021","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.5194\/isprs-archives-XLII-4-W18-219-2019","article-title":"Estimating Water Level in Lake Urmia Using Satellite Data: A Machine Learning Approach","volume":"42","author":"Boueshagh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens. Spat. Inf. Sci."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2018.03.011","article-title":"Statistical evaluation of the dust events at selected stations in Southwest Asia: From the Caspian Sea to the Arabian Sea","volume":"165","author":"Rashki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6028","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50346","article-title":"Trajectory analysis of Saudi Arabian dust storms","volume":"118","author":"Notaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Atmos."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aeolia.2016.12.005","article-title":"Sensitivity of WRF-chem predictions to dust source function specification in West Asia","volume":"24","author":"Nabavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aeolian Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.3724\/SP.J.1227.2010.00144","article-title":"Saline dust storms and their ecological impacts in arid regions","volume":"2","author":"Abuduwaili","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Arid Land"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2145\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:04:23Z","timestamp":1760137463000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2145"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14092145"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14092145","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,29]]}}}