{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T22:30:41Z","timestamp":1771885841287,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]],"date-time":"2022-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia (FCT), Portugal","award":["2020.05752.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.05752.BD"]}]},{"name":"FCT\u2014Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, I.P.","award":["2020.05752.BD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020.05752.BD"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Alqueva reservoir is essential for water supply in the Alentejo region (south of Portugal). Satellite data are essential to overcome the temporal and spatial limitations of in situ measurements, ensuring continuous and global water quality monitoring. Data between 2017 and 2020, obtained from OLCI (Ocean and Land Color Instrument) aboard Sentinel-3, were explored. Two different methods were used to assess the water quality in the reservoir: K-means to group reflectance spectra into different optical water types (OWT), and empirical algorithms to estimate water quality parameters. Spatial (in five different areas in the reservoir) and temporal (monthly) variations of OWT and water quality parameters were analyzed, namely, Secchi depth, water turbidity, chlorophyll a, and phycocyanin concentrations. One cluster has been identified representing the typical spectra of the presence of microalgae in the reservoir, mainly between July and October and more intense in the northern region of the Alqueva reservoir. An OWT type representing the area of the reservoir with the highest transparency and lowest chlorophyll a concentration was defined. The methodology proposed is suitable to continuously monitor the water quality of Alqueva reservoir, constituting a useful contribution to a potential early warning system for identification of critical areas corresponding to cyanobacterial algae blooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"2172","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["The Use of Sentinel-3\/OLCI for Monitoring the Water Quality and Optical Water Types in the Largest Portuguese Reservoir"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2273-7647","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory-EaRSLab, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8912-5277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"Potes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory-EaRSLab, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Science and Technology School, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6803-3202","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra March\u00e3","family":"Penha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Water Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, Parque Industrial e Tecnol\u00f3gico de \u00c9vora, Rua da Barba Rala N1, 7005-345 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2981-2232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Jo\u00e3o","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory-EaRSLab, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Physics, Science and Technology School, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0482-4309","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Manuela","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earth Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Water Laboratory, University of \u00c9vora, Parque Industrial e Tecnol\u00f3gico de \u00c9vora, Rua da Barba Rala N1, 7005-345 \u00c9vora, Portugal"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Science and Technology School, University of \u00c9vora, 7000-671 \u00c9vora, Portugal"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gloplacha.2007.09.005","article-title":"Climate Change Projections for the Mediterranean Region","volume":"63","author":"Giorgi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Glob. Planet. Chang."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-018-4124-4","article-title":"Mean and Extreme Temperatures in a Warming Climate: EURO CORDEX and WRF Regional Climate High-Resolution Projections for Portugal","volume":"52","author":"Cardoso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2503","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-016-3455-2","article-title":"Future Precipitation in Portugal: High-Resolution Projections Using WRF Model and EURO-CORDEX Multi-Model Ensembles","volume":"49","author":"Soares","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clim. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-014-2169-x","article-title":"Ecological Impacts of Global Warming and Water Abstraction on Lakes and Reservoirs Due to Changes in Water Level and Related Changes in Salinity","volume":"750","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4081\/jlimnol.2014.844","article-title":"Climate Change Impacts on Lakes: An Integrated Ecological Perspective Based on a Multi-Faceted Approach, with Special Focus on Shallow Lakes","volume":"73","author":"Jeppesen","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12605","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.5b03990","article-title":"Climate Change at a Crossroad for Control of Harmful Algal Blooms","volume":"49","author":"Havens","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Havens, K., and Jeppesen, E. (2018). Ecological Responses of Lakes to Climate Change. Water, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/w10070917"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.5268\/IW-1.2.359","article-title":"Allied Attack: Climate Change and Eutrophication","volume":"1","author":"Moss","year":"2011","journal-title":"Inland Waters"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/s10584-012-0406-8","article-title":"Climatic Change Impacts on the Ecohydrology of Mediterranean Watersheds","volume":"114","author":"Erol","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clim. Chang."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1758-2229.2008.00004.x","article-title":"Climate Change: A Catalyst for Global Expansion of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms","volume":"1","author":"Paerl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148703","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.148703","article-title":"Occurrence and risk assessment of pesticides in a Mediterranean Basin with strong agricultural pressure (Guadiana Basin: Southern of Portugal)","volume":"794","author":"Palma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tomaz, A., Palma, P., Fialho, S., Lima, A., Alvarenga, P., Potes, M., Costa, M.J., and Salgado, R. (2020). Risk Assessment of Irrigation-Related Soil Salinization and Sodification in Mediterranean Areas. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12123569"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, P., Fialho, S., Lima, A., Mourinha, C., Penha, A., Novais, M.H., Rosado, A., Morais, M., Potes, M., and Costa, M.J. (2020). Land-Cover Patterns and Hydrogeomorphology of Tributaries: Are These Important Stressors for the Water Quality of Reservoirs in the Mediterranean Region?. Water, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/w12102665"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137462","article-title":"Benthic diatom community dynamics in Mediterranean intermittent streams: Effects of water availability and their potential as indicators of dry-phase ecological status","volume":"719","author":"Novais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","unstructured":"Bukata, R.P., Jerome, J.H., Kondratyev, K.Y., and Pozdnyakov, D.V. (1995). Optical Properties and Remote Sensing of Inland and Coastal Waters, CRC Press."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(00)00679-3","article-title":"Comparison of Remote Sensing Data, Model Results and in Situ Data for Total Suspended Matter (TSM) in the Southern Frisian Lakes","volume":"268","author":"Dekker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160500075857","article-title":"Detection of Intense Plankton Blooms Using the 709 nm Band of the MERIS Imaging Spectrometer","volume":"26","author":"Gower","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.2005.50.1.0237","article-title":"Remote Sensing of the Cyanobacterial Pigment Phycocyanin in Turbid Inland Water","volume":"50","author":"Simis","year":"2005","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2007.11.019","article-title":"An Evaluation of Algorithms for the Remote Sensing of Cyanobacterial Biomass","volume":"112","author":"Simis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansper, A., and Alikas, K. (2019). Retrieval of Chlorophyll a from Sentinel-2 MSI Data for the European Union Water Framework Directive Reporting Purposes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11010064"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1080\/2150704X.2019.1634298","article-title":"A Comparison of Sentinel-3-OLCI and Sentinel-2-MSI-Derived Chlorophyll-a Maps for Two Large Italian Lakes","volume":"10","author":"Cazzaniga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, D., Ma, R., Xue, K., and Loiselle, S. (2019). The Assessment of Landsat-8 OLI Atmospheric Correction Algorithms for Inland Waters. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020169"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137774","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.137774","article-title":"Variations of Suspended Particulate Concentration and Composition in Chinese Lakes Observed from Sentinel-3A OLCI Images","volume":"721","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2019.111604","article-title":"Seamless Retrievals of Chlorophyll-a from Sentinel-2 (MSI) and Sentinel-3 (OLCI) in Inland and Coastal Waters: A Machine-Learning Approach","volume":"240","author":"Pahlevan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.3934\/mbe.2008.5.691","article-title":"Artificial Neural Networks and Remote Sensing in the Analysis of the Highly Variable Pampean Shallow Lakes","volume":"5","author":"Canziani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Math. Biosci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hafeez, S., Wong, M.S., Ho, H.C., Nazeer, M., Nichol, J., Abbas, S., Tang, D., Lee, K.H., and Pun, L. (2019). Comparison of Machine Learning Algorithms for Retrieval of Water Quality Indicators in Case-Ii Waters: A Case Study of Hong Kong. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11060617"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Niroumand-Jadidi, M., Bovolo, F., Bruzzone, L., and Gege, P. (2021). Inter-Comparison of Methods for Chlorophyll-a Retrieval: Sentinel-2 Time-Series Analysis in Italian Lakes. Remote Sens., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs13122381"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Pahlevan, N., Smith, B., Schalles, J., Binding, C., Cao, Z., Ma, R., Alikas, K., Kangro, K., Gurlin, D., and H\u00e0, N. (2014). Re-Parameterization of a Quasi Analytical Algorithm and Phycocyanin Estimation in a Tropical Reservoir. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais]."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruescas, A.B., Mateo-Garc\u00eda, G., Camps-Valls, G., and Hieronymi, M. (2018, January 22\u201327). Retrieval of Case 2 Water Quality Parameters with Machine Learning. Proceedings of the IGARSS 2018\u20142018 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium, Valencia, Spain.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.2018.8518810"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodrigues, G., Potes, M., Costa, M.J., Novais, M.H., Penha, A.M., Salgado, R., and Morais, M.M. (2020). Temporal and Spatial Variations of Secchi Depth and Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient from Sentinel-2 MSI over a Large Reservoir. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12050768"},{"key":"ref_31","first-page":"73","article-title":"Use of Sentinel 2-MSI for Water Quality Monitoring at Alqueva Reservoir, Portugal","volume":"380","author":"Potes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Int. Assoc. Hydrol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2012.03.004","article-title":"Optical Classification of Contrasted Coastal Waters","volume":"123","author":"Vantrepotte","year":"2012","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Botha, E.J., Anstee, J.M., Sagar, S., Lehmann, E., and Medeiros, T.A.G. (2020). Classification of Australian Waterbodies across a Wide Range of Optical Water Types. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12183018"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1002\/lno.10674","article-title":"Optical Types of Inland and Coastal Waters","volume":"63","author":"Spyrakos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xue, K., Ma, R., Wang, D., and Shen, M. (2019). Optical Classification of the Remote Sensing Reflectance and Its Application in Deriving the Specific Phytoplankton Absorption in Optically Complex Lakes. Remote Sens., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs11020184"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1963.10500845","article-title":"Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective Function","volume":"58","author":"Ward","year":"1963","journal-title":"J. Am. Stat. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2013.2290744","article-title":"Classification of Inland Waters Based on Bio-Optical Properties","volume":"7","author":"Shi","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C11020","DOI":"10.1029\/2012JC008005","article-title":"Optical Characterization of Water Masses within the Columbia River Plume","volume":"117","author":"Palacios","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Geophys. Res. Ocean."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1109\/JSTARS.2014.2333540","article-title":"Algorithms and Schemes for Chlorophyll a Estimation by Remote Sensing and Optical Classification for Turbid Lake Taihu, China","volume":"8","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"IEEE J. Sel. Top. Appl. Earth Obs. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14731","DOI":"10.3390\/rs71114731","article-title":"Classification of Several Optically Complex Waters in China Using in Situ Remote Sensing Reflectance","volume":"7","author":"Shen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34838","DOI":"10.1364\/OE.27.034838","article-title":"Optical Classification of Inland Waters Based on an Improved Fuzzy C-Means Method","volume":"27","author":"Bi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Opt. Express"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eleveld, M.A., Ruescas, A.B., Hommersom, A., Moore, T.S., Peters, S.W.M., and Brockmann, C. (2017). An Optical Classification Tool for Global Lake Waters. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9050420"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2013.11.021","article-title":"An Optical Water Type Framework for Selecting and Blending Retrievals from Bio-Optical Algorithms in Lakes and Coastal Waters","volume":"143","author":"Moore","year":"2014","journal-title":"Remote Sens. Environ."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1080\/01431161003747513","article-title":"Remote Sensing of Water Quality Parameters over Alqueva Reservoir in the South of Portugal","volume":"32","author":"Potes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1623","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-16-1623-2012","article-title":"Satellite Remote Sensing of Water Turbidity in Alqueva Reservoir and Implications on Lake Modelling","volume":"16","author":"Potes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamquin, N., Clerc, S., Bourg, L., and Donlon, C. (2020). OLCI A\/B Tandem Phase Analysis, Part 1: Level 1 Homogenisation and Harmonisation. Remote Sens., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs12111804"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.4319\/lo.1967.12.2.0343","article-title":"Determination of Chlorophyll and Pheo-Pigments: Spectrophotometric Equations","volume":"12","author":"Lorenzen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Limnol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_48","unstructured":"(1997). Doseamento da Clorofila a e Dos Feopigmentos Por Espectrofotometria de Absor\u00e7\u00e3o MolecularQualidade da \u00c1gua. (Standard No. NP 4327\/1996)."},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"(1992). Water Quality: Measurement of Biochemical Parameters: Spectrometric Determination of the Chlorophyll-A Concentration (Standard No. ISO 10260:1992)."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"APHA (1995). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association. [19th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1080\/09670262.2013.821525","article-title":"Extraction Methods for Phycocyanin Determination in Freshwater Filamentous Cyanobacteria and Their Application in a Shallow Lake","volume":"48","author":"Riddick","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Phycol."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"169","article-title":"Chlorophyll A Interference in Phycocyanin and Allophycocyanin Spectrophotometric Quantification","volume":"77","author":"Lauceri","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Limnol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Purifica\u00e7\u00e3o, C., Potes, M., Rodrigues, G., Salgado, R., and Costa, M.J. (2021). Lake and Land Breezes at a Mediterranean Artificial Lake: Observations in Alqueva Reservoir, Portugal. Atmosphere, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/atmos12050535"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soomets, T., Uudeberg, K., Jakovels, D., Brauns, A., Zagars, M., and Kutser, T. (2020). Validation and Comparison of Water Quality Products in Baltic Lakes Using Sentinel-2 Msi and Sentinel-3 OLCI Data. Sensors, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/s20030742"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martins, V.S., Barbosa, C.C.F., de Carvalho, L.A.S., Jorge, D.S.F., Lobo, F.d.L., and de Moraes Novo, E.M.L. (2017). Assessment of Atmospheric Correction Methods for Sentinel-2 MSI Images Applied to Amazon Floodplain Lakes. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9040322"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, M., Duan, H., Cao, Z., Xue, K., Loiselle, S., and Yesou, H. (2017). Determination of the Downwelling Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient of Lakewater with the Sentinel-3A OLCI. Remote Sens., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/rs9121246"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ASD (2010). FieldSpec\u00ae HandHeld 2 Spectroradiometer User\u2019s Manual, ASD Inc.","DOI":"10.4016\/11826.01"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20774","DOI":"10.3402\/tellusa.v65i0.20774","article-title":"Spectral measurements of underwater downwelling radiance of inland water bodies","volume":"65","author":"Potes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Tellus A"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3025","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160600589179","article-title":"Modification of Normalised Difference Water Index (NDWI) to Enhance Open Water Features in Remotely Sensed Imagery","volume":"27","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Remote Sens."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009769707641","article-title":"Extensions to the K-Means Algorithm for Clustering Large Data Sets with Categorical Values","volume":"2","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Data Min. Knowl. Discov."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0377-0427(87)90125-7","article-title":"Silhouettes: A Graphical Aid to the Interpretation and Validation of Cluster Analysis","volume":"20","author":"Rousseeuw","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Comput. Appl. Math."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.3389\/fenvs.2020.00007","article-title":"Hyperspectral Satellite Remote Sensing of Water Quality in Lake Atitl\u00e1n, Guatemala","volume":"8","author":"Griffin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Environ. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1364\/AO.45.005414","article-title":"Use of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Reflectance for Detection and Assessment of the Harmful Alga, Karenia brevis","volume":"45","author":"Craig","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Opt."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1272787","DOI":"10.1080\/16000870.2016.1272787","article-title":"Lake-Atmosphere Interactions at Alqueva Reservoir: A Case Study in the Summer of 2014","volume":"69","author":"Potes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Tellus Ser. A Dyn. Meteorol. Oceanogr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Palma, P., Penha, A.M., Novais, M.H., Fialho, S., Lima, A., Mourinha, C., Alvarenga, P., Rosado, A., Iakunin, M., and Rodrigues, G. (2021). Water-Sediment Physicochemical Dynamics in a Large Reservoir in the Mediterranean Region under Multiple Stressors. Water, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/w13050707"}],"container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2172\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T23:05:22Z","timestamp":1760137522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/9\/2172"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["rs14092172"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs14092172","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-4292"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-4292","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,30]]}}}