{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T08:27:22Z","timestamp":1777710442262,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651449600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["U2039205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2039205"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42174211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174211"]}]},{"name":"Joint Funds of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42174084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174084"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2039205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2039205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174211"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174211"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["42174084"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42174084"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The devastating Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha\u2019apai underwater volcano erupted at ~04:15 UT on 15 January 2022. We captured the waves that erupted from the volcano propagating in the ionosphere by monitoring total electron content (TEC) perturbations utilizing ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers that receive electromagnetic signals transmitted from the geostationary satellites operated by the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Meanwhile, ground barometers detected unusual enhancements of air pressure traveling in the troposphere. A novel phenomenon shows that the waves can individually propagate with a speed of ~335 m\/s in the ionosphere, which is faster than its\u2019 ~305 m\/s in the troposphere. We further examined multiple geophysical data at the particular site of the novel instrumental array. Analytical results show that the pressure enhancements traveling in the troposphere not only downward trigger ground vibrations mainly in the horizontal components without obvious time difference, but also upward, leading the secondary TEC perturbations with a ~12-min delay.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]],"date-time":"2022-05-02T07:08:58Z","timestamp":1651475338000},"page":"2179","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha\u2019apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5440-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chieh-Hung","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7462-4463","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuemin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yang-Yi","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geological Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tien-Chi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Space Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Yen","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Space Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongxin","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Institute of Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jun","family":"Lyu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acoustic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9824-4262","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaobing","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Chengdu 610072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaoli","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Chengdu 610072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiang","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Chengdu 610072, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiyu","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dixin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6538-2703","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiqiang","family":"Mao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1468-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jann-Yenq","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Department of Space Science and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan"},{"name":"Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1029\/2019RG000668","article-title":"Ionospheric detection of natural hazards","volume":"57","author":"Astafyeva","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. 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