{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T20:49:17Z","timestamp":1772311757918,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]],"date-time":"2022-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["52179049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52179049"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51961125205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51961125205"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NSFC190013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC190013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["51790534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51790534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"international and regional cooperation and exchange projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52179049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52179049"]}]},{"name":"international and regional cooperation and exchange projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51961125205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51961125205"]}]},{"name":"international and regional cooperation and exchange projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["NSFC190013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC190013"]}]},{"name":"international and regional cooperation and exchange projects of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51790534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51790534"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)\/PCI","award":["52179049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52179049"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)\/PCI","award":["51961125205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51961125205"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)\/PCI","award":["NSFC190013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC190013"]}]},{"name":"National Agency for Research and Development (ANID)\/PCI","award":["51790534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51790534"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["52179049"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["52179049"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51961125205"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51961125205"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["NSFC190013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NSFC190013"]}]},{"name":"Major Program of the National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["51790534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["51790534"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Remote Sensing"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Due to the proliferation of precision agriculture, the obstacle of estimating evapotranspiration (ET) and its components from shadow pixels acquired from remote sensing technology should not be neglected. To accurately detect shaded soil and leaf pixels and quantify the implications of shadow pixels on ET inversion, a two-year field-scale observation was carried out in the growing season for a pinot noir vineyard. Based on high-resolution remote sensing sensors covering visible light, thermal infrared, and multispectral light, the supervised classification was applied to detect shadow pixels. Then, we innovatively combined the normalized difference vegetation index with the three-temperature model to quantify the proportion of plant transpiration (T) and soil evaporation (E) in the vineyard ecosystem. Finally, evaluated with the eddy covariance system, we clarified the implications of the shadow pixels on the ET estimation and the spatiotemporal patterns of ET in a vineyard system by considering where shadow pixels were presented. Results indicated that the shadow detection process significantly improved reliable assessment of ET and its components. (1) The shaded soil pixels misled the land cover classification, with the mean canopy cover ignoring shadows 1.68\u20131.70 times more often than that of shaded area removal; the estimation accuracy of ET can be improved by 4.59\u20136.82% after considering the effect of shaded soil pixels; and the accuracy can be improved by 0.28\u20130.89% after multispectral correction. (2) There was a 2 \u00b0C canopy temperature discrepancy between sunlit leaves and shaded leaves, meaning that the estimation accuracy of T can be improved by 1.38\u20137.16% after considering the effect of shaded canopy pixels. (3) Simultaneously, the characteristics showed that there was heterogeneity of ET in the vineyard spatially and that E and T fluxes accounted for 238.05 and 208.79 W\u00b7m\u22122, respectively; the diurnal variation represented a single-peak curve, with a mean of 0.26 mm\/h. Our findings provide a better understanding of the influences of shadow pixels on ET estimation using remote sensing techniques.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/rs14092259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,8]],"date-time":"2022-05-08T23:27:25Z","timestamp":1652052445000},"page":"2259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effect of the Shadow Pixels on Evapotranspiration Inversion of Vineyard: A High-Resolution UAV-Based and Ground-Based Remote Sensing Measurements"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1974-1082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saihong","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei 733000, China"},{"name":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province, Wuwei 733000, China"}]},{"given":"Junjie","family":"Xuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei 733000, China"},{"name":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province, Wuwei 733000, China"}]},{"given":"Tong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei 733000, China"},{"name":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province, Wuwei 733000, China"}]},{"given":"Xueer","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei 733000, China"},{"name":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province, Wuwei 733000, China"}]},{"given":"Fei","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China"},{"name":"Wuwei Experimental Station for Efficient Water Use in Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuwei 733000, China"},{"name":"National Field Scientific Observation and Research Station on Efficient Water Use of Oasis Agriculture in Wuwei of Gansu Province, Wuwei 733000, China"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7850-5410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Ortega-Farias","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Program on Adaptation of Agriculture to Climate Change (A2C2), Research and Extension Center for Irrigation and Agroclimatology (CITRA), Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad de Talca, Campus Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"119","article-title":"Digital surface model applied to unmanned aerial vehicle based photogrammetry to assess potential biotic or abiotic effects on grapevine canopies","volume":"9","author":"Su","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. 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